苏门答腊--蒙古(1935～1957)地震大迁移的回顾

为了分析2004年12月26日苏门答腊Ms8．9大地震对大陆地震形势的影响,本文介绍了1935～1957年苏门答腊-蒙古地震大迁移事件,时间持续22年,长度4600km,迁移速度205km／a。迁移以1935年12月28日苏门答腊Ms7．7地震为起点,从印度-澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块南部边界俯冲事件开始,向北经安达曼海沟到达缅甸弧和喜马拉雅弧东端后,进入中国大陆,沿着中蒙大陆中轴地震带直抵蒙古。     

地震供能、储能与放能机制的研究

“双向应变结构”是孕育和发生地震可能的供能、储能与放能的一种机制。它既能缓慢地储存弹性势能与重力势能而孕育地震,又能突然快速地释放弹性势能与重力势能而发生地震。由于地震发生时孕震体是(原应变的)应变逆转的自破裂过程,因此当初始破裂发生后,在破裂的前沿区,地震剪切应力在原有应力集中的基础上,还会再次产生一个突然快速增强(使破裂加速)到快速减弱(使破裂减速到停止)的过程,即产生“应变逆转破裂效应”。这样,不仅会大大增加地震破裂前沿区的剪切应力,而且还会大大减小破裂中的阻力,可能使地震发生中的断层强度佯谬得到解释。“双向应变结构”破裂发生地震的具体物理机制,印证了震源体断层运动的复杂性：既产生了剪切错动的破裂运动,又产生了单向的拉张与单向的压缩运动,同时还产生了整体的膨胀与整体的压缩运动。     

祁连山中段构造应力场特征研究

试图通过水系、构造和现代资料的反演来对祁连山中段中晚更新世以来及现代构造应力场特征的研究,来表明构造应力场具有明显的分区性,且主压应力方向由北向南发生渐变,角度逐渐增大。     

低地应力区地下洞室开挖围岩剪应力静态数值模拟研究

本文以西北某市大型水利地下洞室工程为例,采用弹塑性二维有限元法对低地应力区洞室开挖后围岩剪应力分布与围岩变形破坏进行了数值模拟,总结出了低地应力区地下洞室开挖后围岩剪应力大小、分布规律与围岩变形破坏的关系.该项研究它将有利于进一步研究低地应力区地下洞室开挖后围岩稳定性,同时对保障地下洞室工程的圆满进行具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.     

Physiological acclimation strategies of riparian plants to environment change in the delta of the Tarim River,China

The occurrence and development of riparian forests, which were mainly dominated by mesophytes species related closely with surface water. Since there was no water discharged to the lower reaches of Tarim River in the past three decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. The groundwater table, the saline content of the groundwater, as well as the content of free proline, soluble sugars, plant endogenous hormones (abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinins (CTK)) of the leaves and relative rates of sap flow of the Populus euphratica Oliv. (arbor species), Tamarix ramosissima Ldb. (bush species), and Apocynum venetum L. (herb species) were monitored and analyzed at the lower reaches of the Tarim River in the study area where five positions on a transect were fixed at 100 m intervals along a sampling direction from riverbank to the sand dunes before and after water release. The physiological responses and acclimation strategies of three species to variations in water and salinity stress were discussed. It was found that A. venetum population recovered to groundwater table ranging from −1.73 to −3.56 m, and when exposed to saline content of the groundwater ranging from 36.59 to 93.48 m mol/L; P. euphratica appeared to be more sensitive to the elevation of groundwater table than the A. venetum and T. ramosissima at groundwater table ranging from −5.08 to −5.80 m, and when exposed to saline content of the groundwater ranging from 42.17 to 49.55 m mol/L. T. ramosissima tended to be the best candidate species for reclamation in this hyper-arid area because it responded to groundwater table ranging from −1.73 to −7.05 m, and when exposed to saline content of the groundwater ranging from 36.59 to 93.48 m mol/L. These results explained the distribution patterns of desert vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Understanding the relationships among ecological factors variables, physiological response and acclimation strategies of plant individuals could provide guidance to sustainable management, reclamation and development of this and similar regions.     

辽河油田大民屯凹陷井壁崩落法地应力测量

文中介绍了井壁崩落法地应力测量的基本原理和方法 ,并利用此方法对辽河油田大民屯凹陷地区 15口井的地层倾角测井资料进行了统计和分析 ,绘制了崩落椭圆长轴优势方位图。结果表明 ,该地区井壁崩落椭圆的长轴优势方位为 35 0°～ 10° ,由此确定的最大主应力方向为 80°～ 10 0° ,平均为 90° ,与用震源机制解得出的结果基本相符 ,说明该地区的构造应力场方向比较稳定 ,处于同一构造应力场的作用之下     

强矿震地球物理过程及短临阶段预测的研究

基于中尺度地震实验场高密度数字地震和前兆台网对抚顺老虎台矿两次强矿震进行连续的现场观测,用地震学方法和小波工具分析强矿震孕震过程采集到的数据,提取短临阶段的异常信息;用区域强震震源机制解、强矿震的震源机制解、极近场震源调查、震源高精度定位、现场绝对地应力测量、三维有限差分数值试验方法,分析强矿震的孕震应力场环境和震源机制;通过定量观察采矿与矿震活动的相关性,分析强矿震的直接诱发原因．提出地质构造环境、地应力场和采矿活动共同作用诱发强矿震的机理和局部应力场在孕育该震过程起主导作用、卸荷重力应力场抑或耦合了高压瓦斯的膨胀起主要诱发作用的观点;发现煤炭深部开采条件下,矿震和瓦斯存在密切的相关性,有可能存在一种开采卸荷和高压瓦斯气体膨胀耦合作用诱发的新型矿震——卸胀耦合型矿震;提取到震前短临阶段存在的b值、η值、频次、波速比等可信的地震学异常和定点潮汐形变前兆异常,对异常信息的提取方法和强矿震短临阶段的预测进行了探讨．     

Tides in the Tongan Region of the Pacific Ocean

Tidal levels and currents in the Tongan region of the Pacific were simulated using a two-dimensional frequency-domain finite element model. The eight major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents were modeled successfully, using open boundary conditions taken from a global tidal model based on the Topex/Poseidon satellite altimeter. Comparison of model results with observations from the single tide gauge site in the area were later used to adjust the boundary conditions. The validity of omitting horizontal eddy viscosity from the finite element model was checked by running an equivalent finite difference model. The results show that although the submarine Tongan ridge does not appear to trap tidal energy, there are residual tidal currents and possible recirculations which are capable of influencing biological productivity around Tonga. The model results are reduced to a simple method for predicting tidal heights in outlying areas, based only on the tidal calendar for the capital, Nuku'alofa.     

Numerical Modeling of Sediment Mass Sliding and Tsunami Generation: The Case of February 7, 1963, in Corinth Gulf,Greece

Numerical modeling of a landslide process at the continental slope by taking into account slope parameters is performed for the tsunami event of February 7, 1963, reported in the Corinth Gulf, central Greece. A layered sediment structure was considered, and an initial external dynamic action at the landslide process was introduced. The results obtained were quite consistent with the observational runup data as well as with the results arrived at by conventional rigid-body and viscous-fluid models. However, this approach permits to describe in detail the formation of several wave groups and particular tsunami characteristics that are strongly dependent on the landslide model.     

Reliability analysis of soil nail internal limit states using default FHWA load and resistance models

Abstract

Reliability analyses of nail pullout, nail-in-tension, and system reliability of internal limit states are presented for both permanent and temporary soil nails that are designed using default Federal Highway Administration nail load and resistance models within traditional deterministic allowable stress design (ASD) framework. The model uncertainty, correlations between soil strength parameters, between model factor, and nominal load term, and between the two internal limit states, and influence of model factor fittings are all addressed in the analyses. This study provides a general idea of the reliability that is implicitly embedded in current ASD-based soil nail internal limit state designs.