鄂尔多斯盆地周边断裂运动学分析与晚中生代构造应力体制转换

基于对鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘构造带、中央断裂、东缘边界带和东北部地区的断裂几何特征、运动学及其活动期次的野外观察和测量,并根据断层面上滑动矢量的叠加关系和区域构造演化历史,确定了鄂尔多斯盆地周边地带晚中生代构造主应力方向、应力体制及其转换序列,提出了4阶段构造演化模式和引张-挤压交替转换过程。早中侏罗世,盆地处于引张应力环境,引张方向为N-S至NNE-SSW向。中侏罗世晚期至晚侏罗世,构造应力场转换为挤压体制,盆地周缘遭受近W-E、NW-SE、NE-SW等多向挤压应力作用。早白垩世,盆地构造应力场转换为引张应力体制,引张应力方向为近W-E、NW-SE和NE-SW向。早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世,盆地应力体制再次发生转换,从前期的引张应力体制转换为NW-SE向挤压应力体制。晚中生代构造应力体制转换和应力场方向变化不仅记录了不同板块之间汇聚产生的远程效应,同时记录了盆地深部构造-热活动事件,并对盆地原型进行了一定的改造。     

低级序复杂断块构造应力场定量模型与油气分布

在对现河低级序帚状断块构造体系研究的基础上,建立了沙一、东营及现今3期构造应力场定量模型,研究了构造应力场特征及其与油气分布的关系。研究表明,不同地质时期应力强度不同,应力的方向和大小都有变化,认为应力值由老到新呈增大趋势。最大水平主应力在平面上自帚状构造的撒开端向收敛端逐渐变低,在剖面上随深度增加而增加,断裂带是应力低值区,也是油气富集区。提出应力转换带为应力低值区,也是低幅断鼻构造的有利分布区,还是开发中后期复杂断块油藏剩余油富集区。      

工程区高地应力判据研究及实例分析

对原地应力状态的准确把握是地下工程稳定性评价的重要基础,而选择可行的高地应力判据是进行地应力状态评价的前提条件。在详细分析现有各种原地应力评价判据的基础上,提出可行的高地应力判据,并在判据模型中引入了国际上认可度非常高的Shoerey模型,但该模型没有考虑岩体变形模量和岩石弹性模量的区别。通过广泛研究目前国内外关于岩体强度的理论和方法,引入Hoek-Brown岩体强度估算理论,补充完善了Shoerey模型。云南禄丰某工程隧道,工程区共布置两个地应力测孔,测试结果较为离散。利用应力状态评价和数据拟合方法,推算出最大埋深部位的应力值达19.29 MPa,而岩体整体强度仅为5.243 MPa。按照强度应力比和Shoerey模型的评判标准,该隧道洞身部位的应力状态均为极高应力状态,应引起重视。对原地应力状态评价的一般方法和步骤进行了概括总结,以方便其他工程参考使用。     

不耦合装药爆破对硬岩应力场影响的数值分析

爆破地震勘探石油是一种重要的方法,但爆破地震效应与爆破参数、地质条件等密切相关。采用动力有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,对柱状炸药与药孔壁之间为空气或其他介质以及空隙间距变化时碳酸盐岩岩石中爆炸应力波的传播规律和爆炸地震波能量的衰减特性进行了数值模拟研究,得到了不耦合装药爆炸时岩石应力、振动速度的衰减规律以及与不耦合系数、间隙介质的关系,分析了不耦合效应对爆炸地震波能量的影响。研究表明,不耦合或耦合不好时会使岩体中爆炸应力波的强度大大降低;耦合状态对岩体应力及速度的衰减系数和衰减指数影响较大;在空隙中注水或灌满泥浆会改善它们的耦合关系,增大下传的爆破能量。所得成果可为我国西南地区优选适合碳酸盐地层地震勘探的激发因素提供技术途径和方法。     

华北地区煤层渗透性及主要地质控制因素

以华北地区柳林和安阳试验区为例,综合多种统计数据和测试成果,对煤层的渗透性及主要地质控制因素进行深入研究和探讨。研究表明,控制煤层渗透性的主要地质因素为割理的发育程度,其次为有效地应力、外生裂隙和煤体结构等。而煤的变质程度及镜质组含量又制约着割理的发育。     

A method to predict the group fissuring and faulting caused by regional groundwater decline

Ground fissuring is a recurrent problem in many countries where water extraction surpasses the natural recharge of aquifers. Due to differential settlement, the soil layer undergoes deformation and cracks with serious consequences for civil infrastructure. Here, we propose an approximate analysis of the fissuring process that can be used to predict the location of cracks, which increasingly affect some middle- and large-sized cities in the world. For that purpose, the ground loss theory is applied to sediments overlying a sinusoidal-shaped graben. This analysis shows the existence of a tensile zone at the border of the graben with maximal values on its shoulder where tension cracks are more likely to appear. It also shows that soil deformation under differential settlement may evolve into ground faulting if water withdrawal continues. Finally, when a crack has completely developed, the tensile zone shifts towards the center of the graben, creating a new area for potential cracking and faulting.     

断层周围的弹塑性区及其地质意义

采用弹塑性有限单元方法 ,通过模拟符合实际状况的逐步加载过程所引起应力场和塑性形变区的研究 ,得出如下结果 :①在塑性或韧性剪切形变情况下 ,断裂或形变带的共轭剪切角往往大于 4 5° ;②在双向挤压应力条件下 ,先存断裂的前缘部位没有拉伸应力存在 ,但可能有伸展形变发生 ;③与最大主压应力夹角为 3 0°～ 90°的断层前缘是偏应力的优势方位 ,容易发生塑性剪切形变 ,特别是夹角为 60°左右的断层是最易发生新的构造活动的断层 ;④多数断层两侧一定范围内以及断层内部是相对的低应力区。这些应力的低值区 ,非常有利于矿液和油气的运移、聚集和成藏。     

影响地下应力状态的构造作用

成岩成矿的外部条件中压力是很重要的因素.地下岩石所受的压力不仅来自上覆岩石的重力,而且来自构造力和热力及其它力.这些力合成一个三轴不等的应力状态,相当一个以最短轴为半径的球状应力迭加一个差应力.前者影响成岩成矿和变质作用,后者控制岩石变形和组构的变化.通过三维应变应力测量,这两部分力通过计算是可以区分开的,因而这将是建立地下深度测算新方法的一个基础.     

Seismic activity associated with the subducting motion of the Philippine Sea plate beneath the Kanto district, Japan

The Pacific plate and the Philippine Sea plate overlap and subduct underneath the Kanto region, central Japan, causing complex seismic activities in the upper mantle. In this research, we used a map selection tool with a graphic display to create a data set for earthquakes caused by the subducting motion of the Philippine Sea plate that are easily determined. As a result, we determined that there are at least four earthquake groups present in the upper mantle above the Pacific plate. Major seismic activity (Group 1) has been observed throughout the Kanto region and is considered to originate in the uppermost part of mantle in the subducted Philippine Sea plate, judging from the formation of the focal region and comparison with the 3D structure of seismic velocity. The focal mechanism of these earthquakes is characterized by the down-dip compression. A second earthquake layer characterized by down-dip extension (Group 2), below the earthquakes in this group, is also noted. The focal region for those earthquakes is considered to be located at the lower part of the slab mantle, and the Pacific plate located directly below is considered to influence the activity. Earthquakes located at the shallowest part (Group 3) form a few clusters distributed directly above the Group 1 focal region. Judging from the characteristics of later phases in these earthquakes and comparing against the 3D structure of seismic velocity, the focal regions for the earthquakes are considered to be located near the upper surface of the slab. Another earthquake group (Group 4) originates further below Group 2; it is difficult to consider these earthquakes within a single slab. The seismic activities representing the upper area of the Philippine Sea plate are Group 3. This paper proposes a slab geometry model that is substantially different from conventional models by strictly differentiating the groups.     

现浇薄壁管桩低应变动力检测适应性探讨

现浇薄壁管桩是一种大直径的管桩,在低应变检测时必然存在平截面假定不满足以及桩头三维效应的问题。无桩帽管桩低应变检测时由于激发了非轴对称的弯曲模态,并不是达到一定的深度平截面假定就会满足,各截面不同的点会受到不同程度的高频干扰,桩顶90°点受到了较小的高频干扰,低应变检测时激振点与传感器夹角为90°时更容易得到清晰的反射波信号。解析解和有限元解的结果均表明,带帽桩在桩帽的动力响应信号能看到明显的桩底反射和缺陷反射时距离桩心不同点上所感受的高频干扰的频率一样,速度振幅不同,距桩心0.50 （ 为桩半径）的点受到最小的干扰。