1988年澜沧—耿马大震序列剪切应力值随时间的变化与强余震预报

1988年11月6日澜沧——耿马大震后,在地震现场,利用澜沧地震台记录的2.5≤M_L≤4.9级地震,以清晰的直达P波初动半周期及时估算剪切应力强度,追踪它们随时间的调整变化,并直接用于对后续强余震的预测和序列发展趋势估计。     

Lyapunov exponent and dimension of the strange attractor of elastic frictional system

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The shear strength of clay-filled bedding planes in limestones - back-analysis of a slope failure in a phosphate mine, Israel

The failure of a slope in a phosphate mine by shear-sliding along a clay-filled bedding plane in limestone, and by separation across a tension crack at the back, is back-analysed. The failure cannot be explained using laboratory measured values of the shear strength parameters. In order to simulate field conditions better two physical models of the bedding plane were prepared for testing under triaxial compression. Cylindrical cores with an inclined saw-cut discontinuity were filled with remoulded montmorillonite. It is shown that failure in the models initiates along the contacts between the clay infilling and the limestone boundaries, and not through the clay itself, as would be intuitively expected. Furthermore, it is argued that in the analysis of rock slope stability in general, and particularly in the case of clay-filled discontinuities, the influence of paleo-overburden stress on frictional resistance must be resolved before the appropriate constitutive law can be established for analysis.     

Where have all the commons gone?

Common property resources (CPRs) have provided a basis for sustenance to countless households, especially those that lack access to private assets. Several factors have eroded the access of CPR dependent communities, such as, conscious policy decisions of the state, elite domination, the process of land consolidation and commercialization. In the period of neo-liberal reforms in India, after 1991, the nature of threats to the commons has changed. Emerging factors such as urbanization, land acquisition and real estate development have played a more significant role in depleting the CPRs. The commons have increasingly come to bear the ecological foot-print of urbanization as they got acquired or encroached upon for urban expansion and required infrastructure. This compromises the livelihood security of those who depend on them for sustenance. There is a need for debate on alternative and more sustainable models of urbanization.     

Effects of pre-existing discontinuities on the residual strength of rock mass – Insight from a discrete element method simulation

When rock failure is unavoidable, the designer of engineering structures must know and account for the residual strength of the rock mass. This is particularly relevant in underground coal mine openings. Pre-existing discontinuities play an important role in the mechanical behavior of rock masses and thus it is important to understand the effects of such pre-existing discontinuities on the residual strength. For this purpose, the present study demonstrates a numerical analysis using a discrete element method simulation. The numerical results indicate that fracture intensity has no significant influence on the residual strength of jointed rock masses, independent of confining conditions. As confining pressures increase, both peak and residual strengths increase, with residual strength increasing at a faster rate. The finding was further demonstrated by analyzing documented laboratory compressive test data from a variety of rocks along with field data from coal pillars. A comprehensive interpretation of the finding was conducted using a cohesion-weakening-friction-strengthening (CWFS) model. The effect of rock bolts on rock mass strength was also evaluated by using a discrete element method model which suggested that rock bolts can significantly increases residual strength but have limited effect on increasing the peak strength of rock masses.     

Laboratory determination of mechanical and hydraulic properties of chemically grouted sands

The purpose of this paper is to investigate mechanical and hydraulic properties of sands treated with mineral-based grouts through the results of a laboratory test programme consisting of unconfined compression tests (UCS), triaxial bender element tests (BeT) and constant flow permeability tests in triaxial apparatus. An improved apparatus was set up for obtaining high quality, multiple grouted specimens from a single column. Two selected natural sands having different grain sizes were grouted with two mineral-based silica grouts, resulting in different levels of improvement. The behaviour of the sands treated by mineral grouts, in terms of strength, initial stiffness and permeability, was compared with that exhibited by more traditional silicate grouts. The results of this study indicate that sands treated with mineral grouts result in higher strengths, higher initial shear modulus and lower permeability values than the sands treated with the silicate solution. The effect of grout type, effective confining pressure, and sand particle-size on small-strain shear modulus of grouted sand specimens was evaluated. Based on test results, the small strain shear modulus increment from treated to untreated specimens has been correlated with the unconfined compressive strength, obtaining a unique relationship regardless of grout type and grain-size of tested sands.     

内蒙兴和曹四夭钼矿床工程地质条件及其对矿山开发的影响

曹四夭钼矿床是目前全国发现并探明的10个超大型钼矿床中唯一以太古宙基底作为赋矿围岩的矿床。太古宇及其岩性为集宁岩群黄土窑岩组浅粒岩和变粒岩;岩石饱和抗压强度10.56~106.02 MPa,属软弱-坚硬岩类;其利于开采而不利于支护。岩、矿体整体属中等-稳定岩体,局部岩体稳定性差,工程地质勘查类型为第三类第一型。在未来矿山开采过程中应注意局部的软弱夹层,尤其是在构造破碎带或碎裂岩石区等地段实施坑道作业易发生矿山工程地质问题,应加强支护;其余岩段稳固性能尚属良好。     

渤海湾盆地古近纪沙三、四段沉积期古盐度不均衡性研究

渤海湾盆地不同凹陷区钻井岩芯资料显示,古近纪沙三、沙四段沉积的泥岩、灰岩、云岩、膏岩多呈现相互间隔的韵律层分布。但在不同凹陷及各洼陷内,其发育的厚度、缺失程度以及韵律的完整性却是不尽一致的。通过对孢粉资料的分析发现,当时的古气候在全盆地基本趋于稳定,干、湿程度的微弱变化不足以引发沉积剖面上如此大的岩性差异。对比下辽河、东营、沾化和东濮凹陷的沉积记录和古盐度数据,发现各地岩性组合的不一致性主要是由于各地湖盆古盐度差异所致。综合各项数据分析推断,沉积时期盆地东北部隆-堑夹持区下辽河凹陷(上游)的动态淡水不断向盆内注入,最终在西南部低洼区东濮凹陷(下游)汇集,造成了盆内咸化环境产生了较大的不均衡性。上游区咸化环境被淡水稀释,盐岩类型单一、厚度小;下游区则由于较稳定的高盐度环境,在遇干旱气候时,盐、膏层大量析出,而位处中游的东营、沾化凹陷则呈现由淡趋咸的过渡状态。高盐度咸化环境有利于有机质的保存,能够促成烃类的早生早排,对规模油气资源量的形成极为有利。     

Geotechnical Investigations at the Dalian Offshore Airport,China

Based on the geotechnical investigation data of artificial island at Dalian Offshore Airport, the spatial distribution of the physical and mechanical properties of deposit soils was statistically analyzed. The field investigation revealed that the deposit soils could be subdivided into three strata, i.e., the top marine deposit stratum, middle marine-continental deposit stratum, and deep continental deposit stratum. Field and laboratory test results demonstrated that the marine deposit soils had high water content (31.2% < w_n < 63.10%), large void ratio (0.88 < e₀ < 1.75), low permeability (k_v < 10^?6 cm/s), flow-plastic state (I_L > 1), under consolidated (OCR < 1), high compressibility (E_s < 4 MPa), low shear strength (11.7 kPa < c_u < 43.7 kPa), and low bearing capacity (0 < f_ak < 120 kPa), they could not be used as natural foundation. The marine-continental and continental deposits were normally consolidated to over-consolidated (OCR ≥ 1), medium compressibility (4 MPa < E_s < 20 MPa), high shear strength (29.7 kPa < c_u < 73.7 kPa), and high bearing capacity (f_ak > 120 kPa). In addition, regression analysis results showed that the compression ratio was positively correlated with the natural water content, the coefficient of vertical consolidation was negatively correlated with the plasticity index, and the coefficient of vertical permeability was positively correlated with the initial void ratio. The results of the field and laboratory tests were synthesized to provide a basis for reclamation design.     

Mises屈服准则及其在钻探工具强度设计中的应用

在地质钻探工具设计和使用过程中,需要用到强度理论或屈服准则对遇到的钻采设备、工具失效等问题进行分析。为帮助人们对Mises屈服准则（应力）的理解,从理论上阐述了Mises屈服准则与畸变能密度理论的关系,其实质就是第四强度理论。在弹塑性范围内,Mises屈服准则统一了单向拉压状态的第一强度理论、复杂应力状态的第三强度理论和第四强度理论。Mises屈服准则在有限元数值分析中获得了更为广泛的应用。