气井水力压裂有效缝长评估及影响因素研究

为了准确确定气井压后有效缝长及其影响因素,提高川西须家河气藏水力压裂针对性,对于具备生产历史拟合条件的气井,利用数值模拟软件进行了生产历史拟合获得有效水力裂缝缝长,与采用净压力拟合方法获得的水力裂缝支撑缝长进行对比和拟合,获得了有效缝长和支撑缝长的关系式,计算了川西须家河储层单井压后有效缝长;采用灰色关联分析理论分析了各个参数对有效缝长的影响程度和对压裂设计的启示。结果表明：压后有效缝长与支撑缝长具有较强相关性(Le=00584 Lp1359 3),有效缝长明显比支撑缝长短;施工参数(特别是用液量)是影响须家河储层有效缝长的关键,而储层和隔层间应力差则是影响有效缝长的重要客观因素。该研究方法为水力压裂压后评估和提高压裂设计水平提供了较好的借鉴。     

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Spatio-temporal distribution of net-collected phytoplankton community and its response to marine exploitation in Xiangshan Bay

To explore the spatial-temporal distribution of the phytoplankton community and evaluate the combined effects of marine resource exploitation, net-collected phytoplankton and physical-chemical parameters were investigated in the Xiangshan Bay during the four seasons of 2010. A total of eight phyla, 97 genera, and 310 species were found, including 232 diatom species, 45 dinoflagellate species and 33 other taxa. The phytoplankton abundances presented a significant (P<0.001) seasonal difference with the average of 60.66×10⁴ cells/m³. Diatoms (mainly consisting of Coscinodiscus jonesianus, Cerataulina pelagica, Skeleto n ema costatum, and genus Chaetoceros) dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in all seasons. We found great spatio-temporal variation in community composition based on the multidimensional scaling and similarity analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis show that temperature, nutrition, illumination, and salinity were the main variables associated with microalgal assemblage. Compared with the previous studies, an increase in phytoplankton abundance and change in the dominant species coincided with increased exploitation activities in this bay (e.g. operation of coastal power plants, intensive mariculture, tidal flat reclamation, and industrial and agricultural development). The present findings suggest that the government should exercise caution when deciding upon developmental patterns in the sea-related economy.     

山东省曹县城区地热资源评价

通过地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔和抽水试验,结合区域水文、气象和地质等资料,对山东省曹县城区地热地质条件、热储赋存条件有了初步认识,结合CD1号探采结合地热孔,对孔隙、岩溶裂隙型含水热储层及许庄复合热储层地热资源量进行了计算,对地热水资源进行了开发利用评价。     

山东省深部岩溶热储地热地质特征

山东省的深部岩溶热储分布在济阳坳陷区、临清坳陷区的凸起（潜）区和鲁中隆起区、鲁西南潜隆起区、沂沭断裂带,分布面积约4.4万km2,其分布范围与寒武—奥陶纪地层分布基本一致。深部岩溶热储可划分深部裂隙—岩溶热储和深部岩—溶裂隙热储2种类型,具层状及层状兼带状特征。该文在总结前人成果的基础上,对深部岩溶热储的埋藏与分布、水质、地温场特征、深部岩溶发育规律和地热流体形成条件进行了论述,以期能对开发利用这一热储有所帮助。     

广西龙滩库区深部孕震结构大地电磁探测研究

在广西龙滩库区布置2条北北西-南东东向大地电磁探测剖面进行了32个测点的观测,观测频段为320 Hz~1000 s.对2条剖面上测量和计算得到的各种电磁参数、深部电性结构图像以及库区地质构造、岩性和水域分布等进行分析研究.结果显示库区发育的6条断裂在电性上表现为不同程度的电性差异边界,其中拉浪-达良断裂和拉色-辉马断裂为库区主要断裂带.库区深部电性结构总体表现为纵向上自地表到20 km深度呈现高-低-高的波浪起伏的三层结构,横向上呈明显的高低电阻块状组合样式.龙滩库区4个地震丛集区的震源都位于高、低电阻接触带附近,其中3个地震丛集区的震源位于低阻特性的石炭系地层的下部,为岩溶水体诱发地震;发生最大震级的地震丛集区的震源位于上宽下窄似"铆钉状"的高阻体下部,推测是因水库蓄水后水体压力增大和库水渗透作用下在聚集高变形能的脆性高电阻体内部发生的地震.     

龙滩库区库水加卸载过程深部电阻率变化与水库地震

广西龙滩库区于2009年度至2010年2个年度库水加卸载及渗透过程中,在交比屯、坪上、中良坪和向阳4个地点进行了5期次大地电磁定点测量,观测频段为320 Hz~1000 s.结合区域深部电性结构探测研究成果分析.结果显示,4个测点位于不同的岩性和深部电性结构区域,4个测点上观测的5期次视电阻率值发生变化的频段不同,位于库区中游的坪上、中良坪和向阳3个测点上5期次测量的视电阻率数值在频率1 Hz以下频段在高水位时段测量值小、在低水位时段测量值大,位于库首区域的交比屯测点在最高水位时段视电阻率数值最小,说明库水在加卸载及渗透过程中对地下介质有明显影响,库区上游库水渗透影响深度可达7 km左右,在坝首区域可达10 km.龙滩水库区4个地震丛集区中的3个地震丛集区的震源区位于具有低阻特性的二迭系下统和石炭系地层的下部,以岩溶水体诱发地震为主;位于坝首地震丛集区的震源区位于上宽下窄似"铆钉状"的高阻体下部,推测是因水库蓄水后水体压力增大和库水渗透作用下,在聚集高变形能的脆性高电阻体内部发生的地震.电磁探测结果说明库水渗透对龙滩水库区地震孕育和发生起着重要、直接的作用.     

Dynamics of phytoplankton associations in three reservoirs in northeastern Brazil assessed using Reynolds’ theory

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of seasonality on the behavior of phytoplankton associations in eutrophic reservoirs with different depths in northeastern Brazil. Five collections were carried out at each of the reservoirs at two depths (0.1 m and near the sediment) at three-month intervals in each season (dry and rainy). The phytoplankton samples were preserved in Lugol's solution and quantified under an inverted microscope for the determination of density values, which were subsequently converted to biomass values based on cellular biovolume and classified in phytoplankton associations. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, water transparency, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, orthophosphate and total nitrogen. The data were investigated using canonical correspondence analysis. The influence of seasonality on the dynamics of the phytoplankton community was lesser in the deeper reservoirs. Depth affected the behavior of the algal associations. Variation in light availability was a determinant of changes in the phytoplankton structure. Urosolenia and Anabaena associations were more abundant in shallow ecosystems with a larger eutrophic zone, whereas the Microcystis association was more related to deep ecosystems with adequate availability of nutrients. The distribution of Cyclotella, Geitlerinema, Planktothrix, Pseudanabaena and Cylindrospermopsis associations was different from that seen in subtropical regions and the substitution of these associations was related to a reduction in the eutrophic zone rather than the mixture zone.     

Rock warming and drying under simulated intertidal conditions,part II: weathering and biological influences on evaporative cooling and near‐surface micro‐climatic conditions as an example of biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering

The way in which rocks and engineering materials heat‐up and dry‐out in the intertidal zone is of relevance to both weathering and ecology. These behaviours can be measured in the laboratory under controlled conditions designed to replicate those occurring in the field. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in thermal behaviours between rock types and through time as a result of soiling in terrestrial environments, but the influence of weathering and colonization on rock behaviours in the intertidal zone has not been previously assessed. We measured the warming and drying of blocks of rock (limestone and granite) and marine concrete during ‘low‐tide’ events simulated in the laboratory, before and after a period of exposure (eight months) on rock platforms in Cornwall, UK. As well as differences between the material types, temperatures of control (unexposed) and field‐exposed blocks differed in the order of 1 to 2 °C. Drying behaviours were also different after field exposure. Differences during the first few hours of exposure to air and heat were attributed to discolouration and albedo effects. Over longer periods of time, changes in the availability of near‐surface pore water as a result of micro‐scale bioerosion of limestone and the development of bio‐chemical crusts on marine concrete [observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] are suggested as mechanisms enhancing and reducing, respectively, the efficiency of evaporative cooling. The retention of moisture by epilithic biofilms may also influence thermal and drying behaviours of granite. These observations represent one of the first examples of cross‐scalar biogeomorphic linkages in the intertidal zone. The significance of the results for the subsequent efficiency of weathering, and near‐surface micro‐climatic conditions experienced by colonizing organisms is discussed. The involvement of microorganisms in the creation of more (or less) ecologically stressful conditions through the alteration of substratum geomorphic properties and behaviours is suggested as an example of ‘biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering’. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compared performance of a conceptual and a mechanistic hydrologic models of a green roof

In order to investigate the hydrologic response of a green roof system within the urban environment, a monitoring campaign is carried out at the green roof site of the University of Genova (Italy). Experimental data confirm that the green roof is able to significantly mitigate the generation of runoff with median values of retained volume and peak reduction, respectively, equal to 94 and 98%. A conceptual linear reservoir and a simple mechanistic (Hydrus‐1D) models are implemented to simulate the hydrologic behaviour of the system; each model is calibrated and validated based on experimental data collected at the green roof site. The hydrographs simulated with both hydrologic models reproduce with acceptable matching capabilities the experimental measurements, as confirmed by the Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency index generally greater than 0·60. Although the relative percentage differences evaluated for the selected hydrograph variables (the total effluent volume, the peak flow rate and the hydrograph centroid) demonstrate that the mechanistic model is more accurate, prediction errors of the conceptual model are generally limited when compared with the observed hydrologic performance. Results of the present comparison are useful in supporting conceptual model selection in case the hydrologic response is addressed for hydrologic performance assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.