塔里木盆地肖尔布拉克露头区下寒武统肖尔布拉克组沉积相模式及其勘探意义

塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组储集层主要受沉积相控制,而丘滩是储集层发育的有利相带,因此明确丘滩特征及其分布规律对该地区勘探具有重要意义。以柯坪肖尔布拉克露头区肖尔布拉克组为研究对象,实测7条剖面,基于野外露头描述和薄片观察,系统分析了肖尔布拉克组沉积特征,建立了沉积相模式。露头区肖尔布拉克组厚158~178m,主要发育层纹石、凝块石、泡沫绵层石、叠层石、核形石5种微生物白云岩和藻砂屑白云岩及粒泥白云岩,整体上为1个向上变浅的三级沉积序列。肖尔布拉克组沉积时期,研究区为发育“微生物席丘滩潮坪”沉积体系的缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,沿温宿古隆起向盆地方向依次发育内缓坡、中缓坡和外缓坡。中缓坡是中高能微生物丘和藻砂屑滩的有利发育区,丘滩体厚度在70~85m之间,滩地比达到44%~51%,进一步佐证了塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组白云岩领域具有良好的勘探潜力。     

Origin and Distribution of Grain Dolostone Reservoirs in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin, China

Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area; however, the origins and distribution of the dolostone reservoirs are not well understood. This work discussed the geology and geochemistry of the dolostone reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation to determine their origin and distribution. Two understandings are acquired: firstly, a carbonate ramp provided excellent conditions for grain beach deposition, while the presence of a hypersaline lake was favorable for the contemporaneous dolomitization of grain beach deposits. Petrographic and geochemical evidence further confirm that the Longwangmiao dolostone was formed during the contemporaneous stage. Secondly, the reservoir characteristics indicate that the grain beach sediments provide material basis for the development of the Longwangmiao dolostone reservoirs. Reservoir dissolution simulation experiments show that the porosity of the reservoirs was formed by dissolution during contemporaneous and burial stages. The dissolution pores formed during the contemporaneous stage were controlled by sequence interfaces. The large scale dissolution vugs formed during the burial stage subsequently spread along the pre-existing porosity and fracture zones. This study therefore identified that the development of grain dolostone reservoirs in a shallow water ramp under arid climatic conditions generally met the following conditions: (1) reefal beach deposits lay a foundation for reservoir development; (2) superficial conditions are an important determining factor for reservoir porosity; and (3) burial conditions provide environment for porosity preservation and modification.     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系白云岩成岩相地球化学特征*

白云岩是鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩层系最主要的岩石类型和天然气藏的主要储集层。文中探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组白云岩成岩相的岩相与地球化学特征及其识别方法。根据岩心及露头观察、薄片鉴定、全岩X衍射、元素分析和碳、氧、锶同位素测试数据,识别出8种白云岩成岩相类型(准同生云化相、膏盐溶角砾相、活跃回流云化相、隐伏回流云化相、海水云化相、表生岩溶角砾相、埋藏溶蚀相和埋藏重结晶相),其分别形成于蒸发海水、中等盐度海水、正常海水、早期淡水、表生淡水及地层水成岩环境,隶属于近地表、风化壳及中—深埋藏3个成岩系统。建立了Fe-Mn、Cs-Sc、(K×Tl)/Na-(Sc×Ni)/Sr、δ¹³C-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 成岩相判别模版。弱活动性元素Sc、Ni和稳定重同位素¹³C、¹⁸O富集于蒸发海水类成岩相,较活动性元素Cs富集于中等盐度及正常海水类成岩相;K、Tl富集于还原环境成岩相,Fe、Mn富集于氧化环境成岩相;表生类成岩相以富含大量吸附态分散元素和 ⁸⁷Sr 为特征。研究结果表明,近地表及风化壳成岩系统决定了研究区马家沟组白云岩的成岩相及其地球化学特征,且岩相学研究及地球化学实验是开展白云岩成岩机理研究的有效手段。     

南海西科1井致密白云岩特征及成岩环境

西科1井为南海区域揭示生物礁地层最全、取心最为完整的钻井。该井下中新统三亚组发育致密白云岩,其孔隙度为1.65%～16.4%,平均6.7%。渗透率极低,局部渗透率仅为（11.8～39）×10−3 μm2,平均渗透率<1×10−3 μm2。利用沉积岩石学、岩石孔渗物性特征和包裹体测试方法,分析了致密白云岩的成岩特征,讨论了其成岩演化条件。致密白云岩中的白云石以粉晶、细晶和泥晶为主,形态多为自形和半自形,晶形较好,具有雾心亮边构造,白云石晶体接触紧密。晶间孔细小,孔隙呈分隔状且互不连通,次生溶蚀孔不发育。三亚组致密白云岩形成于准同生成岩阶段和后生成岩阶段。频繁的海平面变化和沉积物暴露,导致多期的海水充注孔隙作用,加上高温高盐的古海洋和地层环境,为致密白云岩的形成创造了条件。     

四川盆地龙岗气田三叠系飞仙关组储集层特征及成因机理*

根据岩心、岩石铸体薄片、岩石物性分析化验资料并结合测井资料,对四川盆地龙岗气田三叠系飞仙关组碳酸盐岩储集层特征进行了研究。结果表明,研究区飞仙关组孔隙较发育、物性较好、能作为优质储集层的基本上都是白云岩类,尤其是鲕粒白云岩。初步认为这类鲕粒白云岩的形成主要与早期白云化作用（可能为混合水白云化）有关。结合区域地质背景,认为飞仙关期相对海平面呈振荡下降,其对早期白云化有重要控制作用,并在垂向上形成飞三1、飞二1两个白云化旋回,而优质储集层主要发育于这两个旋回中。     

Reactivity of dolomitizing fluids and Mg source evaluation of fault-controlled dolomitization at the Benicàssim outcrop analogue (Maestrat basin,E Spain)

The mechanisms responsible for the formation of huge volumes of dolomitized rocks associated with faults are not well understood. We present a case study for high-temperature dolomitization of an Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) ramp in Benicàssim (Maestrat basin, E Spain). In this area, seismic-scale fault-controlled stratabound dolostone bodies extend over several kilometres away from large-scale faults. This work aims at evaluating different Mg sources for dolomitization, estimating the reactivity of dolomitizing fluids at variable temperature and quantifying the required versus available fluid volumes to account for the Benicàssim dolostones. Field relationships, stable ¹³C and ¹⁸O isotopes, as well as radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopes, indicate that dolomitization at Benicàssim was produced by a high-temperature fluid (>80 °C). ¹³C and ¹⁸O isotopic compositions for dolomite vary from +0.5 to +2.9‰ V-PDB and from +21.1 to +24.3 V-SMOW, respectively. A Mg source analysis reveals that the most likely dolomitizing fluid was seawater-derived brine that interacted with underlying Triassic red beds and the Paleozoic basement. Geochemical models suggest that evolved seawater can be considerably more reactive than high-salinity brines, and the maximum reactivity occurs at about 100 °C. Mass-balance calculations indicate that interstitial fluids with high pressure and/or high temperature relative to the normal geothermal gradient cannot account for the volume of dolomite at Benicàssim. Instead a pervasive fluid circulation mechanism, like thermal convection, is required to provide a sufficient volume of dolomitizing fluid, which most likely occurred during the Late Cretaceous post-rift stage of the Maestrat basin. This study illustrates the importance of fluid budget quantification to critically evaluate genetic models for dolomitization and other diagenetic processes.     

准噶尔盆地乌夏地区二叠系风城组云质岩类成因研究

准噶尔盆地乌夏地区风城组发育的云质岩类是一套特殊成因的、重要的油气储层。岩石学、扫描电镜能谱和稳定同 位素分析表明,发生白云岩化作用的母岩是火山凝灰物质,白云岩化的流体来自风城组干旱气候条件下形成的咸化滨浅湖 卤水以及下伏佳木河组和石炭系残留的富镁海水。凝灰岩中富含大量的斜长石,其中的富钙长石在二氧化碳参与下水解蚀变, 沉淀方解石（即方解石化）。后期富镁卤水渗滤早期形成的方解石,成岩交代形成白云岩。富镁流体运移受火山喷发产生的 热流驱动,产生热对流环。同时,乌夏断裂同生逆掩活动加快深层富镁流体上侵,并使流体在层间快速渗透、流动。构造 作用产生的裂缝或断裂对白云岩的形成及优质储层分布起到决定性控制作用。     

回流渗透模式白云岩研究历史与进展*

回流渗透白云岩化是一类重要的白云岩化模式,其应用广泛,成岩储集性良好,具有重要的研究意义。近年来,国内外对回流渗透模式白云岩的研究不断深入,取得了许多新的进展。作者从回流渗透模式的研究历史出发,详细讨论了其发展和应用现状,总结了该模式下白云岩的Mg来源、水文模式和沉积岩石学特征,并着重讨论了中等盐度下的回流渗透白云岩化等新的研究和应用,指出大规模的回流渗透白云岩化作用可在中等盐度的条件下形成,其强度往往受控于海平面变化。     

渤海湾盆地塘沽地区古近系沙河街组湖相白云岩特征及成因*

渤海湾盆地塘沽地区古近系沙河街组三段沉积早期为半封闭的湖湾沉积环境,底部发育一套白云岩储集层,其产出受区域内北东向古潜山基底断裂控制,沿古潜山两侧发育,分布面积较大,累计厚度可达100多米。系统的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征研究表明,该套白云岩常与泥岩互层产出,白云石主要为铁白云石和含铁白云石,普通显微镜下呈微晶状,扫描电镜下可见菱面体状晶型;X射线衍射分析表明其形成于准同生期,是快速结晶的产物;碳氧同位素分析及稀土元素分析显示,这类微晶白云岩形成于较为封闭的高盐度蒸发环境中,具统一的流体来源和相同成因机理。基于上述研究成果,认为塘沽地区沙河街组三段微晶白云岩的形成主要经历了准同生期回流渗透作用和成岩期埋藏环境下类质同象交代作用两个阶段。     

The porosity origin of dolostone reservoirs in the Tarim,Sichuan and Ordos basins and its implication to reservoir prediction

Origin of dolostone remained a controversial subject, although numerous dolomitization models had been proposed to date. Because of the dolomitization’s potential to be hydrocarbon reservoirs, one debatable issue was the role of dolomitization in porosity construction or destruction. Based upon case studies of dolostone reservoirs in various geological settings such as evaporative tidal flat (Ordos Basin, NW China), evaporative platform (Sichuan Basin, SW China), and burial and hydrothermal diagenesis (Tarim Basin, NW China), here we systematically discuss the origin of porosity in dolostone reservoirs. Contrary to traditional concepts, which regarded dolomitization as a significant mechanism for porosity creation, we found two dominant factors controlling reservoir development in dolostones, i.e., porosity inherited from precursor carbonates and porosity resulted from post-dolomitization dissolution. Actually, dolomitization rarely had a notable effect on porosity creation but rather in many cases destroyed pre-existing porosity such as saddle dolostone precipitation in vugs and fractures. Porosity in dolostones associated with evaporative tidal flat or evaporative platform was generally created by subaerial dissolution of evaporites and/or undolomitized components. Porosity in burial dolostones was inherited mostly from precursor carbonates, which could be enlarged due to subsequent dissolution. Intercrystalline porosity in hydrothermal dolostones was either formed during dolo- mitization or inherited from precursor carbonates, whereas dissolution-enlarged intercrystalline pores and/or vugs were usually interpreted to be the result of hydrothermal alteration. These understandings on dolostone porosity shed light on reservoir prediction. Dolostone reservoirs associated with evaporative tidal flat were laterally distributed as banded or quasi-stratified shapes in evaporite-bearing dolostones, and vertically presented as multi-interval patterns on tops of shallowing-upward cycles. Dolostone reservoirs associated with evaporative platform commonly occurred along epiplatforms or beneath evaporite beds, and vertically presented as multi-interval patterns in dolostones and/or evaporite-bearing dolostones of reef/shoal facies. Constrained by primary sedimentary facies, burial dolostone reservoirs were distributed in dolomitized, porous sediments of reef/shoal facies, and occurred vertically as multi-interval patterns in crystalline dolostones on tops of shallowing-upward cycles. Hydrothermal dolomitization was obviously controlled by conduits (e.g., faults, unconformities), along which lenticular reservoirs could develop.