地质非结构化数据研究战略——以JPG图件为例

从大数据时代背景出发,提出研究地质非结构化数据的战略意义。通过分析地质数据的特点,发现其大数据性。以JPG图件为例,展开国内外研究现状分析和行业应用分析。最后通过分析地质JPG图件数据的使用情况,提出地质JPG图件数据战略规划。     

From the Seam to the Stove: greenhouse gas assessment and the coal seam gas industry in Australia

In Australia, Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is a relatively new source of natural gas commonly advocated as a lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions alternative to coal. This study investigates how GHG emissions have been, and potentially could be, assessed within the Australian CSG industry. The research involved a document analysis of several Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) and consultant reports prepared as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for major CSG projects in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld). There were found to be inconsistencies in the conduct of greenhouse assessment by the CSG industry, including how complete and transparent assessments were, as well as how effectively they addressed project emission intensity and cumulative impacts. There were also found to be large inconsistencies between assessments carried out for Qld projects and those for NSW projects, likely because of differences in how assessment requirements are applied by planning bodies. This study also highlights how alternative assessment approaches, such as Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), have potential to enable a broader and more consistent understanding of emission sources that cross a range of geographical and project boundaries.     

Evidence of multi-stage faulting by clay mineral analysis: Example in a normal fault zone affecting arkosic sandstones (Annot sandstones)

Fault affecting silicoclastic sediments are commonly enriched in clay minerals. Clays are sensitive to fluid–rock interactions and deformation mechanisms; in this paper, they are used as proxy for fault activity and behavior. The present study focuses on clay mineral assemblages from the Point Vert normal fault zone located in the Annot sandstones, a Priabonian-Rupelian turbidite succession of the Alpine foredeep in SE France. In this area, the Annot sandstones were buried around 6–8 km below the front of Alpine nappes soon after their deposition and exhumed during the middle-late Miocene. The fault affects arkosic sandstone beds alternating with pelitic layers, and displays throw of about thirty meters. The fault core zone comprises intensely foliated sandstones bounding a corridor of gouge about 20 cm thick. The foliated sandstones display clay concentration along S–C structures characterized by dissolution of K-feldspar and their replacement by mica, associated with quartz pressure solution, intense microfracturation and quartz vein precipitation. The gouge is formed by a clayey matrix containing fragments of foliated sandstones and pelites. However, a detailed petrographical investigation suggests complex polyphase deformation processes. Optical and SEM observations show that the clay minerals fraction of all studied rocks (pelites and sandstones from the damage and core zones of the fault) is dominated by white micas and chlorite. These minerals have two different origins: detrital and newly-formed. Detrital micas are identified by their larger shape and their chemical composition with a lower Fe–Mg content than the newly-formed white micas. In the foliated sandstones, newly-formed white micas are concentrated along S–C structures or replace K-feldspar. Both types of newly formed micas display the same chemical composition confirmed microstructural observations suggesting that they formed in the same conditions. They have the following structural formulas: Na_0.05 K_0.86 (Al _1.77 Fe_0.08 Mg_0.15) (Si_3.22 Al_0.78) O₁₀ (OH)_2. They are enriched in Fe and Mg compared to the detrital micas. Newly-formed chlorites are associated with micas along the shear planes. According to microprobe analyses, they present the following structural formula: (Al_1,48 Fe_2,50 Mg_1,84) (Si_2,82 Al_1,18) O₁₀ (OH)₈. All these data suggest that these clay minerals are synkinematic and registered the fault activity. In the gouge samples, illite and chlorite are the major clay minerals; smectite is locally present in some samples.In the foliated sandstones, Kubler Index (KI) ((001) XRD peak width at half height) data and thermodynamic calculations from synkinematic chlorite chemistry suggest that the main fault deformation occurred under temperatures around 220 °C (diagenesis to anchizone boundary). KI measured on pelites and sandstones from the hanging and footwall, display similar values coherent with the maximal burial temperature of the Annot sandstones in this area. The gouge samples have a higher KI index, which could be explained by a reactivation of the fault at lower temperatures during the exhumation of the Annot sandstones formation.     

REQUIREMENTS OF SHRIMP, PENAEUS CHINENSIS O''''SBECK FOR POTASSIUM, SODIUM, MAGNESIUM AND IODINE

Potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine requirements of shrimp, Penaeus chinensis were studied.Orthogonal design was employed in this experiment. The composition of the basal diet consisted of fishmeal, peanut cake, corn meal, soybean cake, wheat bran, vitamin mix and mineral mix, and supple-mentations of potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine in the basal diet were made according to theL_9(3~4) orthogonal table. The results indicatal that iodine supplementation improved growth of the shrimpsignificantly and raised survival very significanly, iodine requirement of the shrimp was 0.003%, sodiumrequirement was 0.87% or less; and that 1.1-1.3% potassium and 0.18-0.38% magnesium in the dietwere proper nutrition supplements for the shrimp.     

NECESSITY AND METHOD OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONFor recent years, many countries have increasingly paidattention to the research on strategic environmental as-sessment (SEA) and taken it as one of key supportingtools for pursing sustainable development (BROWNand THERIVEL, 2000; PRARTIDARIO…     

Stability relations of Mn–Fe–Al piemontite

Abstract Comparison of the stability relations of Fe-piemontite, Pm₁₇Ps₁₇Cz₆₆ (Ca₂Al₂Mn_0.5 Fe_0.5Si₃O₁₂(OH)), with similar experimentally determined results on Pm₃₃Cz₆₇ suggests that, at moderate f_o2, addition of Fe to piemontite raises its thermal stability and slightly decreases its sensitivity to oxygen fugacity. Reversal study of the reaction: Fe-piemontite + quartz = garnet (Gr₃₃Sp₂₇And₄₀) + anorthite + fluid at P_fluid= 2 kbar in cold-seal apparatus using solid oxygen buffers was completed. The data indicated breakdown of Pm₁₇Ps₁₇Cz₆₆ at 645°± 10° C along the Cu₂O–CuO buffer, 477°± 10° C along the Cu–Cu₂O buffer, and 365°± 10° C for the hematite-magnetite buffer. Mn-free clinozoisite and epidote have been shown to be stable to much higher temperatures than piemontite at moderate f_o2 (< Cu–Cu₂O). At very high f_o2, however, the presence of Mn⁺³ in a distorted octahedral site may permit persistence of piemontite to higher temperatures than Mn-poor epidote minerals. The compositional range of natural Fe–Mn–Al piemontites supports these results. Cation partitioning from piemontite-bearing parageneses also indicates crystallization at high f_o2, but application of the cited results should be made with caution. Synthetic phases were too fine-grained for optical or microprobe analysis, and reaction was often incomplete. The assumption that all Fe + Mn was contained in piemontite and garnet, respectively, in the low- and high-temperature assemblages is supported by the cell dimensions for these synthetic minerals, which are close to predicted values. The reaction is pseudo-univariant, as solid solution in garnet and piemontite would be f_o2-dependent in a more complex chemical system. Although bulk rock and fluid compositions may also have a marked effect on the stability of natural epidote–piemontite, f_o2 is the major control on Fe : Mn : Al in epidote minerals.     

Clay mineral records of East Asian monsoon evolution during late Quaternary in the southern South China Sea

High-resolution clay mineral records combined with oxygen isotopic stratigraphy over the past 190 ka during late Quaternary from core MD01-2393 off the Mekong River in the southern South China Sea are reported to reconstruct a history of East Asian monsoon evolution. The dominating clay mineral components indicate a strong glacial-interglacial cyclicity, with high glacial illite, chlorite, and kaolinite contents and high interglacial smectites content. The provenance analysis indicates the direct input of clay minerals via the Mekong River drainage basin. Illite and chlorite derived mainly from the upper reach of the Mekong River, where physical erosion of meta-sedimentary rocks is dominant. Kaolinite derived mainly from active erosion of inhered clays from reworked sediments in the middle reaches. Smectites originated mainly through bisiallitic soils in the middle to lower reaches of the Mekong River. The smectites/(illite+chlorite) and smectites/kaolinite ratios are determined as mineralogical indicato     

Refined relationship between the position of the fundamental OH stretching and the first overtones for clays

The aim of this paper is to determine a relationship between the wavenumbers of the first OH-stretching overtones (W_2OH) and the wavenumbers of the OH-stretching fundamentals (W_OH) to help to interpret the near-infrared (NIR) spectra. The first overtone (2OH) bands appear at wavenumbers less than twice those of the fundamental bands (OH), due to the anharmonic character of vibrations, X = W_2OH/2 - W_OH, with X being the anharmonicity constant. Talc samples with various crystal chemistries are used to solve the equation and the experimental data are well fitted with X = –85.6 cm^–1. As far as the authors are aware, it is the first time that the anharmonicity constant for the OH-stretching vibrations is determined for phyllosilicates. The anharmonicity constant remains almost unchanged for several types of clay samples. Therefore the relation, established from talc samples because their absorption bands are narrow and their wavenumber range of OH vibrations is wide, can be used for any other clay minerals.     

Features of clay minerals in the YSDP102 core on the continental shelf of the southeast Yellow Sea

Ninety-eight clay mineral samples from the YSDP102 core were analyzed by x-ray diffractometer to study the four clay minerals: illite, chlorite, kaolinite and smectite. Twenty-eight samples had been analyzed on the laser particle-siz eanalyzer to reveal the particle features of the sediments. Distribution of the clay minerals and the particle characteristics in the YSDP102 core show that the core experienced three different depositional periods and formed three different sedimentary intervals due to different sediment sources and different depositional environments. Features of the clay minerals and the heavy minerals in the YSDP102 core indicate that coarse-grained sediments and fine-grained sediments result from different sources. The Yellow Sea Warm Current has greatly influenced the sedimentary framework of this region since the current‘s formation.     

海洋粘土沉积物的组成及其增白试验

为了海洋粘土的开发应用,利用FTIR和XRD衍射对其进行了矿物成分分析。结果表明,海洋粘土样品中粘土矿物含量较高,其主要矿物组成为伊/蒙混层和伊利石并含有少量其它矿物,同时证实样品中有磁铁矿和赤铁矿存在。粘土沉积物的化学成分分析显示,粘土中Fe2O3质量分数较高,约为7%。采用酸溶氢气还原法对东太平洋的粘土样品进行了化学增白试验,并探讨了酸种类及其浓度、药剂用量、反应时间、煅烧温度等因素对除铁增白效果的影响,优选出最佳除铁增白方案,使海洋粘土的白度由原来的23.8%提高到73.1%。另外,对增白前后样品的粒度、比表面积和分散性的测试表明,在增白的同时样品的活性也得到了提高。