Heterogeneous change patterns of water level for inland lakes in High Mountain Asia derived from multi‐mission satellite altimetry

High‐altitude inland lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are key indicators to climate change and variability as a result of mostly closed watersheds and minimal disturbance by human activities. However, examination of the spatial and temporal pattern of lake changes, especially for water‐level variations, is usually limited by poor accessibility of most lakes. Recently, satellite altimeters have demonstrated their potential to monitor water level changes of terrestrial water bodies including lakes and rivers. By combining multiple satellite altimetry data provided by the Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) and Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on the NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation satellite (ICESat), this study examined water level changes of typical lakes in HMA at a longer timescale (in the 1990s and 2000s) compared with earlier studies on Tibetan lakes. Cross‐evaluation of the radar altimetry data from LEGOS and laser altimetry data from ICESat/GLAS shows that they were in good agreement in depicting inter‐annual, seasonal and abrupt changes of lake level. The long‐term altimetry measurements reveal that water‐level changes of the 18 lakes showed remarkable spatial and temporal patterns that were characterized by different trends, onsets of rapid rises and magnitudes of inter‐annual variations for different lakes. During the study period, lakes in the central and northern HMA (15 lakes) showed a general growth tendency, while lakes in South Tibet (three lakes) showed significant shrinking tendency. Lakes in Central Tibet experienced rapid and stable water‐level rises around mid‐1990s followed by slowing growth rates after 2006. In contrast, the water‐level rises of lakes in the northern and north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau were characterized by abrupt increases in specific years rather than gradual growth. Meteorological data based on station observations indicate that the annual changes of water level showed strongly correlated with precipitation and evaporation but may not evidently related to the glacier melting induced by global warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of regional warming on long‐term hypolimnetic anoxia and dissolved oxygen concentration in a deep lake

Although few reports have described long‐term continuous anoxia in aquatic systems, Lake Ikeda in Japan experienced such conditions in the hypolimnion from 1990 to 2010. The present study aimed to assess temporal fluctuations in the lake's thermal stability from 1978 to 2011 to understand the influence of regional climate change on hypolimnetic anoxia in this lake. Because complete vertical mixing, which supplies dissolved oxygen (DO) to the hypolimnion, potentially occurs on February, we calculated the Schmidt stability index (S) in February and compared it with hypolimnetic DO dynamics. Vertical water temperature profiles were calculated using a one‐dimensional model, and calculated temperatures and meteorological data were used to analyse annual fluctuations in water temperatures, thermocline depth, meteorological variables and S. We estimated that mean annual air and volume‐weighted water temperatures increased by 0.028 and 0.033 °C year^?1, respectively, from 1978 to 2011. Between 1986 and 1990, S and water temperature increased abruptly, probably due to a large upwards trend in air temperature (+0.239 °C year^?1). We hypothesize that a mixing regime that lacked overturn took effect at this time and that this regime lasted until 2011, when S was particularly small. These results demonstrate that abrupt climate warming in the late 1980s likely triggered the termination of complete mixing and caused the 21‐year period of successive anoxia in Lake Ikeda. We conclude that the lake response to a rapid shift in regional climate conditions was a key factor in changing the hypolimnetic water environment and that thermal stability in winter is a critical environmental factor controlling the mixing regime and anoxic conditions in deep lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚洲大陆内部盐湖沉积特征、阶段性演化及其控制因素探讨——基于罗布泊LDK01深孔岩心记录

罗布泊位于塔里木盆地东端,地处欧亚大陆深腹地,罗北凹地则是罗布泊东北部的一个次级凹地。通过对罗北凹地LDK01深孔沉积物粒度、磁化率和地球化学的分析,并结合沉积物的岩性、盐类矿物形态特征和和组合类型、构造背景,对罗布泊地区第四纪成钾环境的阶段性变化规律进行探讨。研究表明,罗布泊地区早更新世以来依次发育了河流相、三角洲相、湖泊相-风成相等沉积体系,并呈现出明显快速的湖相推进和退缩交替的频繁变化,指示盐湖演化是干湿气候周期变化和湖盆周围山区淡水周期补给共同作用结果。第四纪时期罗北凹地发展并最终形成塔里木"高山深盆"中最深的次级凹地地貌,这是青藏高原隆升导致的向北挤压的必然结果,大地构造和环境的变化直接控制了罗布泊盐湖的构造演化和沉积体系的转变。罗布泊盐湖的演化大致可分为三个阶段:第一阶段为断陷阶段,早更新世以来主要沉积淡水河流湖泊相陆源碎屑物;第二阶段为坳陷阶段,中更新世中期发育膏岩湖相,以石膏等硫酸盐析出为主要特征;第三阶段为萎缩阶段,进入晚更新世,大量盐湖相钙芒硝沉积至全新世时期石盐等氯化物析出;上述三个阶段构成一个完整蒸发沉积构造旋回并于最终阶段中形成了超大型的钾盐矿床。     

三峡蓄水后洞庭湖水沙环境变化对湖区航道的影响

江湖关系变化是影响洞庭湖水文泥沙环境的重要因素,关系到湖区航运的安全。以实测水文及地形数据为基础,研究了洞庭湖区水沙环境的变化特征,并分析了其对湖区航道的影响。结果表明:① 三峡蓄水后,枯季湖区月均流量趋于减少,湖区淤积减缓甚至出现冲刷,枯水期湖口低水位有所上升,湖面比降趋于降低;② 受来沙减少影响,湖区航道有所冲刷,湖口低水位上升使得湖区通航保证率水位有一定幅度上升,航道水深增加,三峡蓄水初期江湖关系变化对湖区航道的影响总体为积极因素,对湖区湘江航道的影响要大于开湖航道。     

我国湖泊沉积物多环芳烃的分布特征及来源分析

湖泊沉积物不但可以反映流域多环芳烃(PAHs)的空间分布特征,更能忠实的记录PAHs排放历史.本文收集了我国湖泊沉积物有关PAHs已有的文献报道,并与部分发达国家和地区(美国、欧洲、日本等)的湖泊做对比,系统地综述了我国湖泊沉积物多环芳烃的空间分布、沉积记录及来源.通过对收集数据分析表明,我国湖泊表层沉积物中∑PAHs含量为3.2～ 5260ng/g(dw),平均值为753.1 ng/g (dw)(n=495).主成分分析及多元回归分析结果表明:我国湖泊表层沉积物PAHs主要来源及其贡献量分别为机动车尾气排放占42.7％、煤炭燃烧占30.1％以及石油泄漏占27.2％.我国湖泊钻孔沉积记录PAHs从下向上总体表现出由低到高的变化特征,基本反映了我国经济发展历史.我国PAHs排放历史与发达国家有着明显不同,PAHs排放峰值一般出现在20世纪90年代以后,明显晚于发达国家的50 ～ 80年代.同时,湖泊沉积物记录的PAHs来源有所改变,煤炭资源是我国部分湖泊沉积历史中PAHs的主要来源,随着机动车数量的增加,机动车尾气排放也成为目前我国湖泊沉积物的主要污染源之一.     

Formation Conditions and Sedimentary Model of Over-Flooding Lake Deltas within Continental Lake Basins: An Example from the Paleogene in the Jiyang Subbasin, Bohai Bay Basin

A large quantity of drilling core, paleontology, geochemistry and geophysics data revealed several features of the Jiyang subbasin during the deposition of the Ek1-Es4 x members:(1) the paleotopography of the gentle slope belt had an extremely low gradient;(2) the paleoclimate frequently alternated between dry and wet periods in a generally arid setting;(3) there was strong weathering around the periphery of the basin;(4) the lake was very shallow;(5) the lake level frequently rose and fell; and(6) the sedimentary environment of the gentle slope belt was an overflooding lake. All of these factors provided favorable geological conditions for the development of an over-flooding lake delta. The lithologies of the continental over-flooding lake delta deposits are complex and diverse. The compositional maturity is moderate to low, and the grain size distribution curves and sedimentary structures indicate the presence of both gravity and traction currents. The sedimentary microfacies associations consist of a combination of ordered superposition of flood channels, distributary channels and sheet sands. The delta exhibits a weak foreset seismic reflection. The over-flooding lake delta deposits are laterally extensive. The sandstone content is high, and the individual sandstone beds are thin. The flood channel and distributary channel deposits exhibit evidence of bifurcation and lateral migration. The distribution of the sandbodies and the oxidation color of the mudstones provide evidence of cyclic deposition. The paleoclimate was the dominant factor controlling the development of the over-flooding lake delta. Due to the frequently alternating wet and dry paleoclimates, the over-flooding lake delta is characterized by the development of a broad upper plain and a lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is characterized by flood channel deposits, whereas the lower delta plain is represented by distributary channel deposits. The transition zone is characterized by the interaction of flood channels and distributary channels. Due to fault activity, the sandbodies of the over-flooding lake delta were juxtaposed against hydrocarbon source rocks, which was favorable for the development of lithologic reservoirs or structural-lithologic reservoirs. The lower delta plain deposits comprise the most favorable reservoirs.     

鄱阳湖影响过湖对流强度的数值模拟及机理分析

湖陆下垫面的非均匀性对强对流天气的发展演变有很大的影响。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,湖面积具有明显的月变化和季节变化,而模式中的下边界一般默认湖面积不变,这与实际情况的差异较大,必然带来模式预报误差。利用WRF模式对夏季夜间发生在鄱阳湖地区的一次强对流天气过程进行数值模拟,并通过湖面积变化的敏感性试验,深入研究鄱阳湖对强对流天气发展演变的影响及其机理,结果表明：夏季夜间湖面上空2 m温度明显高于陆面,向湖陆风在湖面上空辐合上升,岸边则存在下沉辐散气流。这导致降水在湖西岸减弱、湖上空增强。随后用去湖敏感性试验印证了鄱阳湖的暖湖效应,湖泊的存在能够通过激发陆风次级环流对湖西岸（湖面）上空降水起抑制（促进）作用。去湖试验的降水在湖西岸增强20%,在湖面上空减弱16%,体现出湖泊对降水强度的重要影响。此外,还发现湖面积扩大1.5、2.5、3.5、4.0倍的扩湖敏感性试验的降水在湖面上空分别增幅7%、16%、30%、43%,进一步证实了强对流强度对鄱阳湖面积变化较为敏感。这指示我们在预报夏季夜间穿湖而过的强对流天气时,应重点关注其可能存在的入湖前减弱、入湖后增强的变化趋势。同时,在利用数值模式模拟湖区强对流天气过程时,如果湖面积与模式中默认的湖面积相差较大,则应考虑将实际湖面积引入模式下边界,以期提升模式对于湖区对流的预报能力。     

吸附法分离盐湖卤水中锂的研究进展

锂及其化合物是重要的化工原料,因其优越和独特的性能,需求量逐年增加。锂矿床类型主要有锂辉石、锂云母、透锂长石等固体型和盐湖型等液体矿。固体锂矿经过多年开发,采富弃贫,品质已临近经济下限,开发利用盐湖卤水和油田卤水中的锂资源日益受到重视。中国盐湖资源丰富,主要分布在青藏高原地区。盐湖中蕴藏着大量的锂资源,广泛应用于能源、化工、高科技等工业生产及居民生活领域,为保障资源供给和能源安全,分离盐湖中的锂资源十分迫切和必要。锂分离技术有吸附法、膜法、化学沉淀法、萃取法、结晶法、浮选法等,这些方法各有优势和不足,而吸附法适用于低品位、高浓盐、高镁锂比盐湖卤水中锂的分离。为此,总结了有关吸附法(电吸附)分离盐湖卤水中锂的原理、进展和优缺点,并总结和提出其发展方向。     

An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis approach for GIS-based multicriteria landslide susceptibility mapping

GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are increasingly being used in landslide susceptibility mapping. However, the uncertainties that are associated with MCDA techniques may significantly impact the results. This may sometimes lead to inaccurate outcomes and undesirable consequences. This article introduces a new GIS-based MCDA approach. We illustrate the consequences of applying different MCDA methods within a decision-making process through uncertainty analysis. Three GIS-MCDA methods in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and Dempster–Shafer theory are analyzed for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) in the Urmia lake basin in Iran, which is highly susceptible to landslide hazards. The methodology comprises three stages. First, the LSM criteria are ranked and a sensitivity analysis is implemented to simulate error propagation based on the MCS. The resulting weights are expressed through probability density functions. Accordingly, within the second stage, three MCDA methods, namely analytical hierarchy process (AHP), weighted linear combination (WLC) and ordered weighted average (OWA), are used to produce the landslide susceptibility maps. In the third stage, accuracy assessments are carried out and the uncertainties of the different results are measured. We compare the accuracies of the three MCDA methods based on (1) the Dempster–Shafer theory and (2) a validation of the results using an inventory of known landslides and their respective coverage based on object-based image analysis of IRS-ID satellite images. The results of this study reveal that through the integration of GIS and MCDA models, it is possible to identify strategies for choosing an appropriate method for LSM. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the integration of MCDA and MCS can significantly improve the accuracy of the results. In LSM, the AHP method performed best, while the OWA reveals better performance in the reliability assessment. The WLC operation yielded poor results.