准噶尔盆地冬季一个例低空风、温、湿场的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM5V3，模拟了新疆准噶尔盆地冬季局地小气候效应，再现了山谷风环流和冬季“冷湖效应”。模拟结果与现有理论及观测事实基本一致。模拟结果表明：准噶尔盆地冬季大面积被积雪覆盖，下垫面反照率大，因此山谷风环流同黑河地区相比较弱，但“冷湖效应”显著，逆温特征明显，最强可达10℃。     

西藏昂拉仁错湖泊演化的遥感分析

本文应用陆地卫星图像，分析了西藏昂达仁错湖泊萎缩的现状，建立了湖泊萎缩的影像解译标志，并根据其在演化过程中所留下的萎缩痕迹，反演出昂拉仁错湖泊在6个不同时期的萎缩状况。认为气候干旱是导致湖泊萎缩的主要因素。     

济阳坳陷南部古近系洪水—漫湖沉积

利用钻井取心、薄片鉴定、粒度分析、古生物鉴定及测井解释等资料和手段,对济阳坳陷南部古近系孔一段到沙四段底部沉积特征进行研究.结果表明,济阳坳陷在孔一段至沙四段沉积早期处于湖盆裂陷初期,沉积作用明显受季节性洪水注入影响,在东营、惠民两凹陷形成洪水-漫湖沉积体系.其主要岩性特征为：岩石类型以反映氧化环境的浅色碎屑岩类为主,成熟度较低,粒度分布和沉积构造反映其兼有重力流和牵引流的沉积特点,植物碎屑贫乏而生物扰动构造丰富且具周期性,砂体呈环带状分布.该沉积体系分为洪水水道末端、泥坪、砂坪、砂泥混合坪和漫湖风暴等5个微相和侧缘远源、近岸远源两类相层序.     

The 1996 subaqueous eruption at Academii Nauk volcano (Kamchatka) and its effects on Karymsky lake

A subaqueous eruption in Karymsky lake in the Academii Nauk caldera dramatically changed its water column structure, water chemistry and biological system in less than 24 h, sending major floodwaves down the discharging river and eruption plumes with ash and gases high into the atmosphere. Prior to the eruption, the lake had a pH of about 7, was dominated by bicarbonate, and well stocked with fish, but turned in early 1996 into a stratified, initially steaming waterbody, dominated by sulfate with high Na and K levels, and devoid of fish. Blockage of the outlet led to rising waterlevels, followed by dam breakage and catastrophic water discharge. The total energy input during the eruption is estimated at about 10¹⁶ J. The stable isotope composition of the lake water remained dominated by the meteoric meltwaters after the eruption.     

Geochemistry of the acid Kawah Putih lake, Patuha Volcano, West Java, Indonesia

Kawah Putih is a summit crater of Patuha volcano, West Java, Indonesia, which contains a shallow, 300 m-wide lake with strongly mineralized acid–sulfate–chloride water. The lake water has a temperature of 26–34°C, pH=<0.5–1.3, S^tot=2500–4600 ppm and Cl=5300–12 600 ppm, and floating sulfur globules with sulfide inclusions are common. Sulfur oxyanion concentrations are unusually high, with S₄O₆²⁻+S₅O₆²⁻+S₆O₆²⁻=2400 – 4200 ppm. Subaerial fumaroles (<93°C) on the lake shore have low molar SO₂/H₂S ratios (<2), which is a favorable condition to produce the observed distribution of sulfur oxyanion species. Sulfur isotope data of dissolved sulfate and native sulfur show a significant ³⁴S fractionation (ΔSO₄–S_e of 20‰), probably the result of SO₂ disproportionation in or below the lake. The lake waters show strong enrichments in ¹⁸O and D relative to local meteoric waters, a result of the combined effects of mixing between isotopically heavy fluids of deep origin and meteoric water, and evaporation-induced fractionation at the lake surface. The stable-isotope systematics combined with energy-balance considerations support very rapid fluid cycling through the lake system. Lake levels and element concentrations show strong seasonal fluctuations, indicative of a short water residence time in the lake as well.Thermodynamic modeling of the lake fluids indicates that the lake water is saturated with silica phases, barite, pyrite and various Pb, Sb, Cu, As, Bi-bearing sulfides when sulfur saturation is assumed. Precipitating phases predicted by the model calculations are consistent with the bulk chemistry of the sulfur-rich bottom sediments and their identified mineral phases. Much of the lake water chemistry can be explained by congruent rock dissolution in combination with preferential enrichments from entering fumarolic gases or brines and element removal by precipitating mineral phases, as indicated by a comparison of the fluids, volcanic rocks and lake bed sediment.Flank springs on the mountain at different elevations vary in composition, and are consistent with local rock dissolution as a dominant factor and pH-dependent element mobility. Discharges of warm sulfate- and chloride-rich water at the highest elevation and a near-neutral spring at lower level may contain a small contribution of crater-lake water. The acid fluid-induced processes at Patuha have led to the accumulation of elements that are commonly associated with volcano-hosted epithermal ore deposits. The dispersal of heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements from the volcano via the local drainage system is a matter of serious environmental concern.     

利用陆基高光谱遥感捕捉太湖蓝藻水华日内快速变化过程

受蓝藻自身垂直迁移和频繁风浪扰动影响,太湖蓝藻水华漂浮混合和迁移堆积等变化迅速,在传统的湖面定位和断面监测中总感觉蓝藻水华有些"来无影、去无踪",限制了对其形成过程、驱动机制和防控治理的深入认识.卫星遥感可以实现蓝藻水华空间分布同步观测,但由于观测频次的限制很难捕捉蓝藻水华快速动态变化过程.本文利用与杭州海康威视数字技术股份有限公司联合自主研发的陆基（地基、岸基或者平台、船舶、桩基等能固定安装的均可）高光谱多参数水质遥感监测仪,架设于中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站（简称太湖站）水上观测场,通过对叶绿素a浓度及其他关键水质参数秒-分钟级的连续观测,有效捕捉了一天内蓝藻水华短期突然和快速变化过程.研究结果显示,在微风和小风条件下蓝藻容易在表层水体漂浮,盛行西北风驱动湖面开敞水域蓝藻水华快速漂浮集聚到太湖站岸边,短短半小时内表层水体叶绿素a浓度可以由10 μg/L快速攀升到100 μg/L以上,一天内会出现多个叶绿素a峰值,清晰展示了蓝藻快速日内动态变化过程.受蓝藻快速日内变化影响,透明度、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数等水质参数也呈现出快速日内变化,叶绿素a浓度与透明度存在极显著负相关,与总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数存在极显著正相关,叶绿素a能解释总氮、总磷80%以上的变化,说明蓝藻短期内的漂浮和集聚深刻影响到湖泊水质.     

Late Glacial and Holocene Paleolimnology of two temperate lakes inferred from sediment organic δ13C chronology

The stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) and elemental C/N ratios in Total Organic Carbon (TOC) extracted from radiometrically dated cores from two Midwestern USA lakes were determined to investigate the factors that control these values in temperate lakes. The range of δ¹³C values (-26 to -32%) and C/N ratios (mean value ∼10.8) are typical of values reported for other temperate lake organic matter in this region. In the core from Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, a negative correlation was seen between the TOC and δ¹³C, which can be interpreted in terms of a re-mixing and consumption of sedimented organic carbon along with rapid equilibration throughout the water column. No correlation was seen between the TOC and δ¹³C in the record from Ladd Lake, Ohio, implying that in this latter lake productivity alone was not a singular process controlling the isotope ratio. Here, it is suggested that equilibrium conditions are maintained such that the DIC of the water is never depleted of aqueous CO₂ during high organic production and the resulting δ¹³C of the organic carbon lacks correlation with the TOC. Further, in this lake a fine resolution analysis was carried out which indicated a possible anthropogenic influence on the isotope ratio around times when human settlement (∼300 yrs ago) and enhanced agricultural practices (∼80 yrs ago) were significant. The study shows that carbon isotope studies are useful in paleolimnologic investigations.     

Palaeoenvironmental records in Holocene Spanish tufas: a stable isotope approach in search of reliable climatic archives

Tufa deposits are potential terrestrial archives of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic information. This study assesses the potential of stable isotopic archives from two closely juxtaposed Holocene tufa sites in SE Spain. The Ruidera site contains deep‐water lacustrine micrites and tufas, whereas the nearby Alcaraz site represents a shallow barrage tufa. Understanding site characteristics is critical to interpreting the stable isotopic variations. These Holocene lacustrine micrites have isotopic compositions consistent with modern European lake shore microbial carbonates, where the isotopic chemistry is strongly influenced by hydrological and residence time effects. All the lacustrine micrite δ¹³C values were influenced by microenvironmental microbial effects to some degree. Because of these effects, stable isotope data from lacustrine microbial micrites and tufas will not normally yield precise information on the isotopic composition of palaeoprecipitation, temperature or vegetation composition of an area. In contrast, Holocene tufas that formed in shallow, fast‐flowing riverine settings may contain valuable palaeoclimatic archives. The tufa deposits must be largely autochthonous, as at Alcaraz, where in situ reed stem encrustations are present. Records of relative change in air temperature and changes in the source of airmasses are potentially resolvable in the δ¹⁸O data. These interpretations can be verified by other independent climatic data where chronology is constrained. Variations in riverine tufa δ¹³C values probably record changes in local vegetation and/or soil respiration. Covariation between δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values may be intrinsically linked to climatic factors such as aridity. Tentative palaeoclimatic interpretations for the middle Holocene at Alcaraz based on the isotope data suggest warming (or increasing influence of Mediterranean‐sourced precipitation) between approximately 5000–3000 radiocarbon years BP, accompanied by increased aridity. These interpretations are consistent with the sparse independent palaeoclimatic data and climate modelling results for the Holocene of SE Spain. This study supports the growing evidence that well‐chosen tufa sites could yield valuable palaeoclimatic information.     

洞庭湖地区防洪工程基础稳定性评价与治理对策

本文通过对洞庭湖地区历年钻孔资料的统计整理,将该区地面以上２０ｍ内地层岩性归类,并依据其在防洪抗洪中的作用,结合防洪工程基础历年险情特征及野外实地调查考证,对洞庭湖地区防洪工程基础稳定性分区评价。针对各分区险情特点,担子了相应的治理对策和整治措施。