Mass transfer at the air/water interface: Mass accommodation coefficients of SO2, HNO3, NO2 and NH3

We present here experimental determinations of mass accommodation coefficients using a low pressure tube reactor in which monodispersed droplets, generated by a vibrating orifice, are brought into contact with known amounts of trace gases. The uptake of the gases and the accommodation coefficient are determined by chemical analysis of the aqueous phase.We report in this article measurements of _exp=(6.0±0.8)×10^–2 at 298 K and with a total pressure of 38 Torr for SO₂, (5.0±1.0)×10^–2 at 297 K and total pressure of 52 Torr for HNO₃, (1.5±0.6)×10^–3 at 298 K and total pressure of 50 Torr for NO₂, (2.4±1.0)×10^–2 at 290 K and total pressure of 70 Torr for NH₃.These values are corrected for mass transport limitations in the gas phase leading to =(1.3±0.1)×10^–1 (298 K) for SO₂, (1.1±0.1)×10^–1 (298 K) for HNO₃, (9.7±0.9)×10^–2 (290 K) for NH₃, (1.5±0.8)×10^–3 (298 K) for NO₂ but this last value should not be considered as the true value of for NO₂ because of possible chemical interferences.Results are discussed in terms of experimental conditions which determine the presence of limitations on the mass transport rates of gaseous species into an aqueous phase, which permits the correction of the experimental values.     

On the Exchange of NO3 Radicals with Aqueous Solutions: Solubility and Sticking Coefficient

The exchange of NO₃ radicals with the aqueous-phase was investigated at room temperature (293 K) in a series of wetted denuders. From these experiments, the uptake coefficient of NO₃ was determined on 0.1 M NaCl solutions and was found to be (NO₃) 2 × 10^-3 in good agreement with recent studies. The Henry coefficient of NO₃ was estimated to be K_H(NO₃) = 1.8 M · atm^-1, with a (2) uncertainty of ±3 M · atm^-1. From the upper limit for the Henry coefficient (K_H = 5 M · atm^-1) and available thermodynamic data, the redox potential of dissolved NO₃/NO ₃ ^– is estimated to be in the range of 2.3 to 2.5 V. This range is at the lower boundary of earlier estimates. The results are discussed in the light of a recent publication. Based on our data and a model of the transport and chemistry in the liquid film, an upper limit is derived for the product of the Henry coefficient K_H and the rate coefficient k ₁₀ of the potential reaction NO₃ + H₂O HNO₃ + OH. For K_H = 0.6 M · atm^-1, we find k ₁₀ < 0.05 s^-1 · atm^-1, i.e., about 100 times smaller than what was suggested by Rudich and co-workers. Because of its small solubility, heterogeneous removal of NO₃ is only important under conditions where the dissolved NO₃ is removed quickly from equilibrium, for example by reactions with Cl^– or HSO ₃ ^– ions in the liquid-phase. Otherwise, heterogenous removal should mainly proceed via N₂O₅.     

Protection of seismic structures using semi‐active friction TMD

Although the design and applications of linear tuned mass damper (TMD) systems are well developed, nonlinear TMD systems are still in the developing stage. Energy dissipation via friction mechanisms is an effective means for mitigating the vibration of seismic structures. A friction‐type TMD, i.e. a nonlinear TMD, has the advantages of energy dissipation via a friction mechanism without requiring additional damping devices. However, a passive‐friction TMD (PF‐TMD) has such disadvantages as a fixed and pre‐determined slip load and may lose its tuning and energy dissipation abilities when it is in the stick state. A novel semi‐active‐friction TMD (SAF‐TMD) is used to overcome these disadvantages. The proposed SAF‐TMD has the following features. (1) The frictional force of the SAF‐TMD can be regulated in accordance with system responses. (2) The frictional force can be amplified via a braking mechanism. (3) A large TMD stroke can be utilized to enhance control performance. A non‐sticking friction control law, which can keep the SAF‐TMD activated throughout an earthquake with an arbitrary intensity, was applied. The performance of the PF‐TMD and SAF‐TMD systems in protecting seismic structures was investigated numerically. The results demonstrate that the SAF‐TMD performs better than the PF‐TMD and can prevent a residual stroke that may occur in a PF‐TMD system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中江19H井卡钻原因分析及预防技术措施

中江19H井是川西中江地区的一口长水平段水平井,设计井深3830 m,水平段长990 m。目的层为下沙溪庙组,是开发中江地区该层位的首口水平井,邻井参考资料少。中江地区地层裂缝发育,普遍存在井壁失稳现象,极易产生掉块,同时,该井设计二开裸眼段长,更恶化了井壁失稳,施工中产生大量掉块,掉块在井眼局部堆积形成砂桥造成该井水平段卡钻。仔细分析了该井卡钻原因,提出了优化钻井液性能、优选钻井工具、优化水平段钻具组合、加强井眼净化等相应预防技术措施,顺利完成了该井的后期侧钻施工。为川西中江地区下沙溪庙目的层的开发提供了宝贵施工经验。     

绳索取心钻进工艺在非金属矿产资源勘探中遇到的问题与对策

在介绍了非金属矿产勘探中钻探常见地层及其成孔特性和绳索取心钻进工艺特点的基础上,分析了绳索取心钻进工艺在非金属矿产勘探中容易出现的粘附卡钻、憋泵卡钻等事故的成因,提出了处理方法;总结了绳索取心钻进软、散地层的冲洗液类型、性能要求、维护管理等方面的经验;着重介绍了SJP水泥浆及其用于钻孔堵漏的灌注工艺方法。     

王洼103-1号水文地质钻孔极其复杂事故的处理

王洼103-1号水文地质钻孔施工过程中出现沉砂卡钻,在处理卡钻事故过程中又使套铣筒也被卡在钻孔内,强力起拔套铣筒,造成断裂,且断口不平整、倾斜靠边,形成了极其复杂的孔内事故。事故原因是泥浆中含沙量过大所致。另外处理钻铤卡钻时下入的表层套管直径偏小,也给后期处理事故造成了很大困难。根据孔内事故特点,制定了先起拔表层套管,更换大直径表套,再套反套铣筒、钻铤的处理方案。为此专门设计制作了起拔表层套管钻进的主动钻进钻杆、钻头;设计加工了加长套铣筒、扶正事故套铣筒的扶正工具等,及时成功处理好了本次超复杂卡钻事故。本文详细论述了钻孔事故的处理过程及措施,总结了事故教训和处理经验,对于处理类似卡钻事故具有指导和借鉴意义。     

定向井处理粘吸卡钻事故的技术方法

HDR29D地热井施工中发生了粘吸卡钻事故,给钻井施工带来了困难。经过分析卡钻原因、研究解卡方案,配制了解卡剂,解决了棘手的粘卡问题。根据该井的实际情况,对定向井粘吸卡钻事故原因、处理方法进行分析总结。