2003年岷县5.5级地震地震学前兆特征及预报意义

研究了2003年甘肃岷县5.5级地震的地震学前兆的变化特征,显示尾波Qc值和地震空间相关长度在震前都呈增长趋势,用幂次率关系对这种变化进行了拟合。结果为利用尾波Q值和地震空间相关长度的监测资料建立预测地震发生时间的方法和指标打下了基础。     

风成沙地地形1/10定律的研究与敦煌鸣沙山成因的猜想

 以风成沙地地形的共性—— 同一性作为切入点,探索了风成沙地地形高长比和深长比的变化范围以及它与气流流速结构的关系。通过调查发现,尽管沙积物尺度有大有小,形态繁简差异悬殊,但绝大多数风积地形,尤其在主风向单一地区,它们的高长比Kg存在着明显的变化范围,其界阈Kg≤1/10;而风蚀地形的深长比Ks也有相同的属性,只是Ks≥ -1/10。如果用K代表沙区正负两种风成地形的共同属性,则K=Kg=-Ks,即K≤|±1/10|。研究认为,风成沙地地表形态之所以具有这种共同特征,主要在于气流与沙质地表的相互作用中,地形的高长比同气流垂直分速与其水平纵向分速之比这两个比例之间相互制衡相互顺应的结果。野外试验证明高长比K≤1/10的沙质地表地形阻力最小、最适宜风沙流通过,因而形态比较稳定,且具有自修复功能,并在治沙工程中已经得到验证和广泛应用。因此称这种比例关系为1/10定律。以高长比1/10为界,对于比值远大于1/10的特殊的沙积物地形,我们以敦煌鸣沙山为例,根据外界山体对气流场的影响以及由此而产生的风速结构的变化,提出对鸣沙山成因的猜想。鸣沙山的形成从反面、从更广阔和更深的层次上证明了1/10定律的存在。     

吸、喷水法减小丁坝下游回流尺度的试验研究

由于流动边界出现凸出障碍物引起边界层分离,导致回流发展、水流流态恶化等一系列问题,在水利、航道及电站等工程中是一种普遍存在的现象。从控制边界层的思路出发,采用"吸、喷"水方案,即在凸出障碍物与水流平行的边界略上部位将一部分边界层水流吸走,并在其下游喷出增加边界层的动量,可以减小障碍物下游的回流尺度。在50cm宽水槽中进行的试验表明,采用这种方法是非常有效的。     

Cosserat介质理论针对节理岩体的应用

由于考虑了内在尺度的影响,Cosserat介质理论较传统连续介质力学更精确和一般化,在考虑具有微结构介质的力学行为时拥有优势.节理岩体的力学性质明显受结构面影响控制,传统连续介质理论对于认识结构应力、应变的真实状况是有限度的.Cosserat理论应用于岩土介质模拟时,根据具体情况有三种方式一种是将岩土介质视为粒状材料,第二种则是将节理岩体看作是层状材料,此种模型应用最为常见;另一种则是将高度节理化岩体看作是块体结构.与试验或其它数值计算的对比表明,采用层状和块状模型对节理岩体进行数值模拟得到的分析成果是合理可信的.空间模型的应用也作了讨论.     

裂变径迹长度测量的标准化研究

总结了影响裂变径迹长度测量的主要因素——蚀刻程序和测量误差，提出了对应的解决方法：采取统一的蚀刻程序和蚀刻标准，确立长度参照标准。由于锆石铀含量具有差异，蚀刻标准是锆石长度测量标准化的主要研究内容。     

Determination of Discontinuity Size Distributions from Scanline Data

Summary The paper outlines a new method for estimating the distribution form, and mean size, of discontinuities from scanline data. By assuming that the discontinuities are circular discs it has been possible to apply existing solutions for the distributions of censored semi-trace lengths sampled by a scanline at an exposed rock face. These solutions have been implemented by numerical quadrature in a standard Excel spreadsheet, with solution optimisation achieved with Solver. Problems caused by a singularity in the integration were overcome by applying an integration offset parameter. A trigonometrical substitution for removing this singularity is also outlined. The numerical quadrature strategy was validated by comparison with the analytical solution for the uniform distribution, and by comparison with the results of an extensive geometrical simulation of the stereological process. A new distribution, here named the Wicksell distribution, has been identified. This distribution is characterised by the fact that the distribution of disc diameters and the distribution of complete traces on a cutting plane are identical. Two examples, based on real scanline data, are presented to illustrate the practical application of the new methods.     

An Algorithm for Generating Rock Fracture Patterns: Mathematical Analysis

A statistical, rule-based algorithm for generating fracture patterns similar to those observed in Limestone is presented. For each fracture set, initial seed points are randomly positioned within the modelled domain with the same density as the fractures observed in the field. An orientation is associated with each point by sampling from the distribution of orientations for the corresponding fracture set. Fractures are then allowed to grow from the seed points in both directions with this orientation until they meet other fractures whereupon they continue or terminate according to a fixed probability. A mathematical analysis of this method is presented for the case in which fractures within a set are assumed to be parallel. Approximations to the distribution of semi-trace lengths are derived which are shown to be in good agreement with simulation results. Fracture spacing distributions are also derived for this case.     

Fracture Length Estimation from Borehole Image Logs

We describe a method to estimate fracture length for circular fractures from borehole image logs. The relative frequency of fractures, which have complete circumference trace on image logs is related to fracture length. A simple functional relationship can be derived for the relative frequency of complete fracture traces in terms of average fracture inclination to borehole, borehole diameter and fracture length. This formulation however, tends to underestimate fracture length because a constant length is assumed. A more accurate length estimate can be obtained by assuming that fracture length is linearly correlated to fracture aperture or spacing. Cumulative frequency distribution of fracture aperture and spacing can be obtained from borehole image logs. The problem then transforms itself to finding the scaling factor between fracture length and aperture (or spacing) from the relative frequency of fractures with complete traces. The product of the scaling factor and average fracture spacing (or aperture) gives the average fracture length.     

自组织临界现象在地震空间演化特征上的应用研究

将自组织临界现象理论在地震预报领域作深入的应用研究,根据各量的物理含义重新讨论了在地震科学中的应用,并用重整化群方法对强震前中小地震强现象的临界点问题进行研究。     

大震前地震活动迁移速率bc值的变化

本文给出了地震活动纤移速率ｂｃ值预测方法,利用该方法对１９７２年以来发生在中国大陆及邻区４７次Ｍ≥６级地震前区域地震活动进行了计算,其结果为：地城活动迁移率ｂｃ值在４７次大震前出现明显的低值异常。为了检验该方法是否具有实用性,文中对中国西部５个不同区域进行试算,得出在５个不同区域内发生的约３９次地震前,ｂｃ值表现不同程度的异常特点．