基于平面波加速的VTI介质最小二乘逆时偏移

地震各向异性集中表现为速度各向异性,势必影响地震波运动学特征.传统声波逆时偏移(RTM)和最小二乘逆时偏移(LSRTM)没有考虑介质各向异性特征,导致反射波不能正确归位、同相轴出现扭曲及寻优速度慢或不收敛等,VTI介质逆时偏移(VTI-RTM)矫正了声波成像的不足,但仍存在低频干扰严重、中深部成像不佳、振幅保持差等缺陷.为此,本文首先实现了VTI介质最小二乘逆时偏移(VTI-LSRTM)方法,为了节省I/O及内存需求并提高效率,进一步引入平面波编码技术,提出了一种基于平面波加速的VTI介质最小二乘逆时偏移(VTI-PLSRTM)策略.在此基础上开展了简单模型及复杂Marmousi模型成像试验,并与标准逆时偏移剖面对比表明:本方法能够校正各向异性造成的相位畸变,且在迭代中自动压制串扰及低频噪声、补偿中深部能量,是一种兼具质量与效率的保幅成像策略;对速度误差的敏感性测试说明该方法需要相对正确的偏移速度及Thomsen参数模型.     

鲜水河断裂带北西段跨断层基线变化机理探讨

2013年芦山M_s7.0地震发生后,鲜水河断裂北西段的侏倭、虚墟等跨断层测点基线测项均出现不同程度的异常变化,异常核实结果认为基线异常属实.该异常变化是否与芦山地震的发生存在一定关联性,值得深入研究.本文首先分析芦山地震发生前后鲜水河断裂北西段不同基线长度的变化特征.基于鲜水河断裂带及邻区三维非线性黏弹性有限元模型,以GPS观测资料、同震静态滑移量作为约束,通过开展多组数值模拟实验,探讨下地壳不同流变特征下,芦山地震发生前后不同阶段,不同跨断层基线长度的时序动态变化特征.初步研究结果表明,1)侏倭、虚墟基线测点原始观测资料均表现出地震发生时基线长度减小,发生后短时间内反向快速恢复及增加的协同变化;2)在以GPS观测数据为约束的块体间差异性运动的动力学边界条件下,鲜水河断裂表现为左旋走滑运动;3)模拟结果显示,地震发生时测点间距离迅速减小,表现为断层右旋的特征,这与实际观测资料反映的结果一致;4)鲜水河断裂带两侧地块的下地壳黏滞系数分别取10~(18)Pa·s、10~(19)Pa·s时,由于黏弹性松弛效应的影响,造成基线长度在地震发生后短时间尺度内快速增加.对比分析认为,地震后短时间内实测资料反映的基线长度快速增加的特征可能是黏弹性松弛效应与构造作用共同作用的结果.     

汶川地震断裂带科学深钻WFSD-3附近上地壳S波分裂特征

为配合汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程(WFSD),中国地震局地球物理研究所在四川省绵竹市天池乡和灌县—安县断裂附近分别架设了15套微震仪器和17个短周期地震台.基于WFSD-3附近的微震、短周期和区域台网的固定台站记录的近震数据,通过横波窗内S波分裂计算,得到其上地壳各向异性参数,即快波偏振方向和慢波的时间延迟,并分析了研究区的上地壳各向异性特征.结果显示,研究区大部分区域的快波偏振方向为NE向,与龙门山断裂带走向一致,但在研究区微震台阵布设小区域内,快波偏振方向表现出东西分区特征,东部为NE向,西部为NW向.上地壳各向异性主要是受到岩层中随应力分布排列的微裂隙和岩石或矿物结构的影响,研究区内快波偏振方向主要表现为NE方向,与断裂走向一致,反映了研究区上地壳各向异性主要受控于结构控制的各向异性,局部区域的快波偏振方向为NW向,与区域最大主压应力方向一致,说明区域应力场对研究区上地壳各向异性也有影响.通过分析微震台阵的归一化时间延迟随时间的变化情况可以反映区域应力场的变化情况.微震台阵的慢S波时间延迟在2012、2013年较为离散,在2014年有收敛的趋势,反映了强震后区域应力场逐渐稳定的趋势.     

Residual slip of sliding blocks induced by near‐fault ground motions

The response of a rigid block supported on a horizontally moving foundation through a dry‐friction contact is investigated to near‐fault ground motions. Such motions can be thought of as consisting of a coherent component (‘pulse’) and an incoherent component, which can be described as a band‐limited ‘random noise’. The equation of motion of this strongly nonlinear system is reduced to a normalized form that reveals important parameters of the problem such as the critical acceleration ratio. The response of the sliding block to a set of uniformly processed near‐fault motions, covering a sufficiently wide range of magnitudes, is evaluated numerically for selected discrete values of the acceleration ratio. For each value of the critical acceleration ratio, the numerically computed residual slips are fitted with a Weibull (Gumbel type III) extreme value probability distribution. This allows the establishment of regression equations that describe accurately design sliding curves corresponding to various levels of non‐exceedance probability. The analysis reveals that the coherent component of motion contributes significantly to the response of the sliding block. Furthermore, the relevant acceleration in specifying the critical acceleration ratio is the (normalized) amplitude, α_{H_pulse}, of the pulse and not the (normalized) amplitude of the incoherent component α_H. Finally, the incoherent component is described quantitatively in terms of the root‐mean‐square acceleration a_RMS, and an attempt is made to understand its influence on the response of the sliding block. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黎城盆地北缘黎城断裂的地球物理特征及活动性分析

黎城断裂是晋获断裂构造带上的重要构造单元,查明其构造特征具有重要意义。在黎城盆地北缘针对黎城断裂进行了地球物理勘探和地质考察,对黎城断裂的活动性进行研究。浅层地震勘探和高密度电法勘探的结果表明,黎城断裂是一条第四系活动断裂,倾角较陡。地质剖面考察的结果表明晋获断裂受黎城断裂的影响明显,南北段存在巨大差异。综合以上研究成果,判断黎城断裂为第四系活动断裂,其对晋获断裂的控制作用明显。     

野马河—大雪山断裂肃北段晚第四纪活动特征研究

前人对野马河—大雪山断裂肃北段的晚第四纪活动特征研究相对薄弱,缺少有关断层最新活动的证据。本文在高分辨率遥感解译的基础上,对肃北断裂开展全段1∶5 000的地质地貌填图,通过探槽开挖、放射性碳(~(14)C)测年以及低空无人机摄影测量(small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,简称sUAV)等工作,对该断裂晚第四纪活动性进行系统研究。发现肃北断裂为一条全新世的逆冲活动断裂,晚第四纪以来具有多期活动,西水沟探槽剖面揭示出2次古地震事件,古地震离逝时间为(4 192.5±97.5)a B.P.之后。     

1927年古浪8级大震区小震重新定位及问题讨论

联合利用甘肃及周边测震台网记录的古浪及周边地区4 592次地震的P波绝对到时和相对到时资料,采用双差地震定位方法对古浪震源区小震进行重新定位后发现,皇城-双塔断裂带东、西两段表现出不同的力学运动性质,西段以逆冲运动为主,地震主要发生在断裂的下盘;而东段地震却主要发生在上盘,断层活动以局部拉张为主。还首次发现在皇城-双塔断裂带的中段与主破裂呈垂直方向存在一条主震发生时新产生的共轭断层,基于小震的断层面参数反演显示该断裂是一高倾角运动性质以右旋为主兼具正断的断裂。     

2017年8月9日精河6.6级地震序列重定位与发震构造初步研究

基于新疆区域数字地震台网震相观测报告,采用HypoDD方法精确定位了精河M_S6.6地震序列M_L≥1.0地震的震源位置,综合分析了此次地震序列的空间分布特征和可能的发震构造。结果显示,主震震中为44.2639°N、82.8294°E,震源初始破裂深度为17.6km;地震序列总体沿近EW（273°）向单侧扩展,展布长度约20km;震源深度优势分布范围为7～17km;沿余震走向的深度剖面显示,主震向西10km范围内,余震震源有逐渐变浅的趋势,余震序列中尾端向SW方向偏转的地震震源较深;垂直于地震序列的深度剖面显示,地震序列自北向南呈现逐渐加深的变化特征,表明发震断层面倾向为S倾。综合考虑中国地震局地球物理研究所给定的震源机制解以及震源区地质构造情况推测,精河M_S6.6地震发震构造可能为库松木契克山前断裂东段。     

Permanent earthquake‐induced actions in buried pipelines: Numerical modeling and experimental verification

Buried pipelines are often constructed in seismic and other geohazard areas, where severe ground deformations may induce severe strains in the pipeline. Calculation of those strains is essential for assessing pipeline integrity, and therefore, the development of efficient models accounting for soil‐pipe interaction is required. The present paper is aiming at developing efficient tools for calculating ground‐induced deformation on buried pipelines, often triggered by earthquake action, in the form of fault rupture, liquefaction‐induced lateral spreading, soil subsidence, or landslide. Soil‐pipe interaction is investigated by using advanced numerical tools, which employ solid elements for the soil, shell elements for the pipe, and account for soil‐pipe interaction, supported by large‐scale experiments. Soil‐pipe interaction in axial and transverse directions is evaluated first, using results from special‐purpose experiments and finite element simulations. The comparison between experimental and numerical results offers valuable information on key material parameters, necessary for accurate simulation of soil‐pipe interaction. Furthermore, reference is made to relevant provisions of design recommendations. Using the finite element models, calibrated from these experiments, pipeline performance at seismic‐fault crossings is analyzed, emphasizing on soil‐pipe interaction effects in the axial direction. The second part refers to full‐scale experiments, performed on a unique testing device. These experiments are modeled with the finite element tools to verify their efficiency in simulating soil‐pipe response under landslide or strike‐slip fault movement. The large‐scale experimental results compare very well with the numerical predictions, verifying the capability of the finite element models for accurate prediction of pipeline response under permanent earthquake‐induced ground deformations.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE

In order to analyze 3-dimensional movement and deformation characteristics and seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone, we inverted for dynamic fault locking and slip deficit rate of the fault using the GPS horizontal velocity field of 1999-2007 and 2013-2017 in Sichuan-Yunnan region, and calculated annual vertical change rate to analyze the vertical deformation characteristics of the fault using the cross-fault leveling data during 1980-2017 locating on the Xianshuihe fault. The GPS inversion results indicate that in 1999-2007, the southeastern segment of the fault is tightly locked, the middle segment is less locked, and the northwestern segment is basically in creeping state. In 2013-2017, the southeastern segment of the fault is obviously weekly locked, in which only a patch between Daofu-Bamei is locked, and the northwestern segment is still mostly in creeping state, in which only a patch at southeastern Luhuo is slightly locked from surface to 10km depth. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate of the Zhuwo, Gelou, Xuxu and Goupu sites on the northwestern segment is larger, which means vertical movement is relatively active, and annual vertical change rate of the Longdengba, Laoqianning, and Zheduotang sites on the southeastern segment is small, which means the fault is locked, and the vertical movement changes little before and after the Wenchuan earthquake. Combining with the 3-dimensional movement and deformation, seismic activity and Coulomb stress on the Xianshuihe Fault, we consider the seismic risk of the southeastern segment is larger, and the Wenchuan earthquake reduced the far-field sinistral movement and the fault slip deficit rate, which may reduce the stress and strain accumulation rate and relieve the seismic risk of the southeastern segment.