土壤侵蚀量预报模型研究进展

土壤侵蚀模型是定量评价水土资源发展动态、指导综合治理规划、评价治理方案和措施的技术工具。根据建模的手段和方法，土壤侵蚀量预报模型有经验模型和物理成因模型两大类。根据建模对象的不同，土壤侵蚀模型又有坡面土壤侵蚀模型和流域土壤侵蚀模型之分。主要从这4个方面入手，介绍了国内外土壤侵蚀量预报模型研究的主要成就，指出了现有模型的不足。在总结前人工作的基础上，提出了我国土壤侵蚀模型今后的发展方向。     

分布式侵蚀预报模型中网格面积的选定——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例

在分布式土壤侵蚀过程模型中 ,承载数据以及进行运算的最小单元 ,即基本地块的选取是非常关键的 ,它直接关系到模型的模拟精度和运算数据量。目前大多数分布式模型都采用平均布设矩形网格的方法 ,这种方法在基本网格的大小选取上存在着盲目性和不统一性。本文以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例 ,利用GIS和SPSS分析了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区属性均一的基本地块在面积上的统计规律 ,给出了基本地块选取的合理依据 ,以促进建立更好的分布式模型     

Magnetostratigraphic evidence for deep-sea erosion on the Pacific Plate,south of Mariana Trench,since the middle Pleistocene: potential constraints for Antarctic bottom water circulation

Abstract

The Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) current plays a crucial role in storing and transporting heat, water, and nutrients around the world. However, it is impossible to monitor AABW in the Plio-Pleistocene by direct measurement. Hence, abyssal erosion was usually chosen as an effective indicator of the presence of the AABW in the Indian and Eastern Pacific Oceans during that period. Here, we report a high-resolution magnetostratigraphy of a gravity core, the JL7KGC-01A from the south of the Mariana Trench, northwest Pacific Ocean. The main results are as follows: (1) polarity data suggest that the sequence recorded the late Gauss chron to the early Brunhes chron, including the Jaramillo, Cobb Mountain, and Olduvai normal subchrons; (2) the sedimentary processes in the study area since 2.9 Ma show three stages of sedimentation: 83 cm/Ma during 2.9–1.2 Ma, 183 cm/Ma during 1.2–0.7 Ma, and no sedimentation since ~0.7 Ma; (3) the area south of the Mariana Trench experienced a significant change in the deposition rate at 1.2 Ma, which could be correlated with the intensified desertification in inland Asia, and experienced a prominent depositional hiatus since the early middle Pleistocene, which likely resulted from the enhanced/expanded AABW. Based on these new polarity data and comparisons with previous studies around the Pacific Ocean, we therefore propose that the AABW experienced a notable change during the early–mid Pleistocene transition.     

地下水稳定运动基本微分方程的三维解法──地下水向承压完整井的运动

以映射和叠加原理为基础，探讨了均质、等厚承压含水层中地下水向完整井作三维运动时，地下水稳定运动基本微分方程的求解方法，并与裘布衣公式作了对比。由于求解时考虑了地下水流速的水平、垂直分量，故所得结果较裘布衣公式更为准确与合理。     

Vegetation and topographic controls on sediment deposition and storage on gully beds in a degraded mountain area

Active gully systems developed on highly weathered or loose parent material are an important source of runoff and sediment production in degraded areas. However, a decrease of land pressure may lead to a return of a partial vegetation cover, whereby gully beds are preferred recolonization spots. Although the current knowledge on the role of vegetation on reducing sediment production on slopes is well developed, few studies exist on the significance of restoring sediment transport pathways on the total sediment budget of degraded mountainous catchments. This study in the Ecuadorian Andes evaluates the potential of vegetation to stabilize active gully systems by trapping and retaining eroded sediment in the gully bed, and analyses the significance of vegetation restoration in the gully bed in reducing sediment export from degraded catchments. Field measurements on 138 gully segments located in 13 ephemeral steep gullies with different ground vegetation cover indicate that gully bed vegetation is the most important factor in promoting short‐term (1–15 years) sediment deposition and gully stabilization. In well‐vegetated gully systems ( ≥ 30% of ground vegetation cover), 0.035 m³ m^–1 of sediment is deposited yearly in the gully bed. Almost 50 per cent of the observed variance in sediment deposition volumes can be explained by the mean ground vegetation cover of the gully bed. The presence of vegetation in gully beds gives rise to the formation of vegetated buffer zones, which enhance short‐term sediment trapping even in active gully systems in mountainous environments. Vegetation buffer zones are shown to modify the connectivity of sediment fluxes, as they reduce the transport efficiency of gully systems. First calculations on data on sediment deposition patterns in our study area show that gully bed deposition in response to gully bed revegetation can represent more than 25 per cent of the volume of sediment generated within the catchment. Our findings indicate that relatively small changes in landscape connectivity have the potential to create strong (positive) feedback loops between erosion and vegetation dynamics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近期流域沙量平衡计算研究进展

沙量平衡计算是一种探讨侵蚀泥沙从坡面、沟道等处侵蚀起到流域出口输出这一复杂过 程十分有效的研究方法, 该方法将流域内泥沙的侵蚀、输移、沉积和输出等过程进行综合考虑, 既 打破了流域泥沙研究的破碎性, 也可以有效地评价泥沙输移系统的有效性。近期国外泥沙平衡计 算研究在研究方法上有了很大的改进和提高, 对其进行总结和评价将有助于我国沙量平衡研究 的开展, 从而为流域水沙管理提供一个有效的方法和手段。     

Palaeozoic multiphase magmatism at Barleik Mountain,southern West Junggar,Northwest China: implications for tectonic evolution of the West Junggar

The West Junggar lies in the southwest part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and consists of Palaeozoic ophiolitic mélanges, island arcs, and accretionary complexes. The Barleik ophiolitic mélange comprises several serpentinite-matrix strips along a NE-striking fault at Barleik Mountain in the southern West Junggar. Several small late Cambrian (509–503 Ma) diorite-trondhjemite plutons cross-cut the ophiolitic mélange. These igneous bodies are deformed and display island arc calc-alkaline affinities. Both the mélange and island arc plutons are uncomfortably covered by Devonian shallow-marine and terrestrial volcano-sedimentary rocks and Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary rocks. Detrital zircons (n = 104) from the Devonian sandstone yield a single age population of 452–517 million years, with a peak age of 474 million years. The Devonian–Carboniferous strata are invaded by an early Carboniferous (327 Ma) granodiorite, late Carboniferous (315–311 Ma) granodiorites, and an early Permian (277 Ma) K-feldspar granite. The early Carboniferous pluton is coeval with subduction-related volcano-sedimentary strata in the central West Junggar, whereas the late Carboniferous–early Permian intrusives are contemporary with widespread post-collisional magmatism in the West Junggar and adjacent regions. They are typically undeformed or only slightly deformed.

Our data reveal that island arc calc-alkaline magmatism occurred at least from middle Cambrian to Late Ordovician time as constrained by igneous and detrital zircon ages. After accretion to another tectonic unit to the south, the ophiolitic mélange and island arc were exposed, eroded, and uncomfortably overlain by the Devonian shallow-marine and terrestrial volcano-sedimentary strata. The early Carboniferous arc-related magmatism might reflect subduction of the Junggar Ocean in the central Junggar. Before the late Carboniferous, the oceanic basins apparently closed in this area. These different tectonic units were stitched together by widespread post-collisional plutons in the West Junggar during the late Carboniferous–Permian. Our data from the southern West Junggar and those from the central and northern West Junggar and surroundings consistently indicate that the southwest part of the CAOB was finally amalgamated before the Permian.     

Properties of iron at the Earth's core conditions

Summary. The phase diagram of iron up to 330 GPa is solved using the experimental data of static high pressure (up to 11 GPa) and the experimental data of shock wave data (up to 250 GPa). A solution for the highest triple point is found ( P = 280 GPa and T = 5760 K) by imposing the thermodynamic constraints of triple points. This pressure of the triple point is less than the pressure of the inner core–outer core boundary of the Earth. These results indicate that the density of iron at the inner core–outer core boundary pressure is close to 13 g cm⁻³, which lies close to the seismic solutions of the Earth at that pressure. It is thus concluded that the Earth's inner core is very likely to be virtually pure iron in its hexagonal close packed (hcp) phase.
It is shown that four properties of the Earth's inner core determined from seismology are close in value to the corresponding properties of hcp iron at inner core conditions: density, bulk modulus, longitudinal velocity, and Poisson's ratio. The density–pressure profile of hcp iron at inner core conditions matches the density–pressure profile of the inner core as determined by seismic methods, within the spread of values given by recent seismic models.
This indicates that the Earth is slowly cooling, the Earth's inner core is growing by crystallization, and the impurities of the core are concentrated in the outer core. The calculated temperature at the Earth's centre is 6450 K.     

北秦岭黑河丹凤群岛弧火山岩建造的发现及其构造意义

陕西省周至县黑河丹凤群有大规模安山岩浆活动的证据，地球化学研究表明这些安山岩形成于典型的岛弧环境，如：轻稀土富集；在痕量元素原始地幔标准化丰度模型图上，所有样品均具有明显的Ｎｂ、Ｔｉ和Ｐ负异常；在Ｂａ－Ｎｂ－Ｔｈ－Ｌａ图解上，所有样品均落在岛弧区等。由此可以推断黑河丹凤群有一套安山岩为主的岛弧火山岩建造。这一发现为证明北秦岭古生代岛弧构造环境提供了重要的证据，为进一步揭示秦岭造山带的构造格架和演化历史提供了信息。     

碎屑重矿物组成对南天山白垩纪-新近纪剥蚀去顶过程的指示

通过对天山南缘库车坳陷内白垩系—新近系砂岩中碎屑石榴子石的电子探针分析,可以将石榴子石分为3部分,分别是高锰铝榴石组份的石榴子石、与西南天山高压变质岩中石榴子石组成相似的石榴子石和富铁镁铝榴石组份的石榴子石。与白垩系相比,古近系和新近系砂岩中的富锰铝榴石组份的石榴子石所占比例减少,而富铁镁铝榴石组份的石榴子石含量增加。白垩系砂岩中含有高压变质岩来源的多硅白云母和蓝闪石,而且与西南天山高压变质岩中石榴子石组成相似的碎屑石榴子石在白垩系中含量也较高,而随着地层时代的变新,与西南天山高压变质岩中石榴子石组成相似的碎屑石榴子石在地层中的含量减少。根据现今南天山水系的分析,西南天山高压变质岩在最高隆起带以北,已经不能向库车坳陷提供物源。这些研究结果说明,古近纪和新近纪以来,南天山逆冲带与西南天山含高压变质岩体的古生代俯冲杂岩之间存在差异隆升,南天山的快速隆升遮挡了西南天山高压变质岩对库车坳陷的物质贡献。