Dissolved inorganic carbon evolution in neutral discharge from mine tailings piles

We measured the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and major ions and the stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC (δ¹³C_DIC) in two creeks discharging from carbonate‐rich sulphide‐containing mine tailings piles. Our aim was to assess downstream carbon evolution of the tailings discharge as it interacted with the atmosphere. The discharge had pH of 6.5–8.1 and was saturated with respect to carbonates. Over the reach of one creek, the DIC concentrations decreased by 1.1 mmol C/l and δ¹³C_DIC increased by ~4.0‰ 200 m from the seep source. The decrease in the DIC concentrations was concomitant with decreases in the partial pressure of CO_2(aq) because of the loss of excess CO_2(aq) from the discharge. The corresponding enrichment in the δ¹³C_DIC is because of kinetic isotope fractionation accompanying the loss of CO_2(g). Over the reach of the other creek, there was no significant decrease in the DIC concentrations or notable changes in the δ¹³C_DIC. The insignificant change in the DIC concentrations and the δ¹³C_DIC is because the first water sample was collected 160 m away from the discharge seep, not accessible during this research. In this case, most of the excess CO_2(aq) was lost before our first sampling station. Our results indicate that neutral discharges from tailings piles quickly lose excess CO_2(aq) to the atmosphere and the DIC becomes enrich in ¹³C. We suggest that a significant amount of carbon cycling in neutral discharges from tailings piles occur close to the locations where the discharge seeps to the surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层状地基端承桩扭转动力阻抗研究

本文采用Novak薄层法推导粘弹性地基的扭转动力阻抗,并将其用于考虑桩土相互作用的单桩扭转动力阻抗,又通过传递矩阵法将此公式推广到求取层状地基单桩扭转动力阻抗。而且本文以工程中常用的端承桩为例,推导了层状地基中端承桩扭转动力阻抗的简化计算公式。根据此公式,分析了频率、上覆软土层厚度、上覆软土层刚度等因素对单桩扭转动力阻抗的影响,分析结果表明,随着振动频率提高,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部有缓慢下降的趋势,而虚部则增大;随着上覆土层厚度的增加,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部和虚部均减小;随着上覆土层刚度的减小,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部减小,虚部在低频段减小,而在较高频率段则增大。     

2008年夏季加拿大海盆净二氧化碳吸收量评估

The third Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE) was conducted in the summer of 2008.During the survey,the surface seawater partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2) was measured,and sea water samples were collected for CO_2 measurement in the Canada Basin.The distribution of pCO_2 in the Canada Basin was determined,the influencing factors were addressed,and the air-sea CO_2 flux in the Canada Basin was evaluated.The Canada Basin was divided into three regions:the ice-free zone(south of 77°N),the partially ice-covered zone(77°–80°N),and the heavily ice-covered zone(north of 80°N).In the ice-free zone,pCO_2 was high(320 to 368μatm,1 μatm=0.101 325 Pa),primarily due to rapid equilibration with atmospheric CO_2 over a short time.In the partially ice-covered zone,the surface pCO_2 was relatively low(250 to 270 μatm) due to ice-edge blooms and icemelt water dilution.In the heavily ice-covered zone,the seawater pCO_2 varied between 270 and 300 μatm due to biological CO_2 removal,the transportation of low pCO_2 water northward,and heavy ice cover.The surface seawater pCO_2 during the survey was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere in the Canada Basin,and it was a net sink for atmospheric CO_2.The summertime net CO_2 uptake of the ice-free zone,the partially ice-covered zone and the heavily ice-covered zone was(4.14±1.08),(1.79±0.19),and(0.57±0.03) Tg/a(calculated by carbon,1Tg=10~(12) g),respectively.Overall,the net CO_2 sink of the Canada Basin in the summer of 2008 was(6.5±1.3) Tg/a,which accounted for 4%–10% of the Arctic Ocean CO_2 sink.     

混凝土的入模温度和水化热对青藏直流输电线路冻土桩基温度特性的影响

施工过程中混凝土的入模温度和水化热对多年冻土区桩基施工期间的热稳定性具有重要影响. 针对该问题,利用有限元方法定量研究了±400 kV青藏直流输电线路冻土区锥柱基础入模温度、水化热和含冰量对桩基回冻过程、温度场变化和桩底融化深度的影响规律. 结果表明：水化热影响下,桩基中心温度在第3天达到最高,桩底滞后1 d,基坑表面受其影响较小,主要受环境温度影响;第24天,桩底出现最大融化层,随着入模温度增加,融化层厚度相应增加,入模温度为6℃时融化层厚度为34 cm,15℃时为55 cm;入模温度越高,回冻时间越长,当入模温度为6℃时,完全回冻需经历52 d,15℃时,回冻时间将增加7 d. 含冰量对桩底融化深度有影响,含冰量越大底部融化深度越小;冻土年平均地温是影响桩底融化深度的重要因素,少冰高温（-0.52℃）、低温（-1.5℃和-2.5℃）冻土条件下,最大融化层厚度分别为38 cm、34 cm和25 cm. 基于上述结果,在多年冻土地区的桩基工程,建议混凝土入模温度为6~8℃,底部碎石垫层至少40 cm.     

欠固结地层静止侧压力简化计算方法

大量工程实践表明：正确预估欠固结地层的静止侧压力大小对工程的稳定性分析和安全设计十分重要。因此,通过理论分析和数值模拟深入探讨了固结排水过程中地层侧向压力的变化规律,建立了静止侧压力与超固结比OCR的联系,提出了等效静止土压力系数的概念和计算公式,形成了考虑OCR影响的欠固结地层静止侧压力简化计算方法,并用数值模拟和试验结果进行了验证。提出的等效静止土压力系数实现了欠固结地层和正常固结地层侧压力计算的统一。研究结果表明：欠固结地层的静止侧压力随超固结比OCR的增大而线性减小,且随土体有效内摩擦角的增大,OCR对侧向压力的影响越大。上述研究成果可为欠固结地层的土压力计算提供技术支撑。     

优质膨润土泥浆在大直径深桩基工程中的应用

为解决在澳门美高梅金殿超濠博彩场及酒店项目桩基工程中大直径深护筒无法回收的难题,笔者在分析港澳地区灌注桩传统工艺缺陷的基础上,采用具有预处理能力的优质膨润土泥浆.施工实践表明,2#配方泥浆能有效的保持桩孔稳定性,桩孔的平均充盈系数为1.0794;改善了钻进泥浆的性能,使泥浆的重复利用率提高到45.33%,泥浆废弃率仅为2.38%;降低了工程成本,减小了对环境的影响.同时,为钻孔灌注桩施工总结了各个阶段泥浆性能标准.     

海上风电嵌岩桩水平抗力影响因素研究

桩基础是我国海上风电工程中应用最为广泛的基础形式,其中嵌岩桩因其施工难度大,承载力高备受关注。与其他类型的桩基础不同,嵌岩桩的水平承载力不仅受到围岩强度的影响,更与其成桩质量与灌浆材料的强度相关。采用有限元方法分析了嵌岩深度、桩基直径与壁厚、桩身倾斜度等多种因素对嵌岩桩水平承载力的影响,提出了确定嵌岩桩水平极限抗力的标准。研究表明：桩与围岩间的灌浆环会先于桩身发生破坏,因此可将灌浆环受拉破坏作为判断嵌岩桩达到水平极限承载力的标准;桩身倾斜度对嵌岩桩的水平极限承载力影响较大,直径和壁厚的增加,均能提高桩基的水平承载力。     

福建漳州地区典型土动力特性的试验研究

通过对福建漳州地区淤泥、粉质粘土、粉质粘土与粉砂互层土、残积土等4类典型土的共振柱试验,探讨了围压大小、土的性质对这4类典型土的动剪切模量G及阻尼比γ的影响,给出了在不同围压下的G/Gmax和λ/λmax随γ变化的平均曲线及其参数的推荐值,并定量的给出围压对参数的影响规律。结果对实际工程具有一定的借鉴作用。     

深水滑翔机器人耐压壳体结构优化设计

针对深水滑翔机器人耐压壳体在深水中压缩变形和海水密度随水深增大而变化等因素造成驱动浮力变化问题,利用压缩变形和密度变化对驱动浮力影响的互补特性,归纳了载体耐压壳体结构优化设计方法.保证耐压壳体抗压条件和质量最小前提下采用结构优化设计方法,降低耐压壳体压缩变形和海水密度变化对驱动浮力的影响,提高系统能源的利用率.     

Inelastic seismic behavior of soil–pile raft–structure system under bi-directional ground motion

Performance based design of structure requires a reasonably accurate prediction of displacement or ductility demand. Generally, displacement demand of structure is estimated assuming fixity at base and considering base motion in one direction. In reality, ground motions occur in two orthogonal directions simultaneously resulting in bidirectional interaction in inelastic range, and soil–structure interaction (SSI) may change structural response too. Present study is an attempt to develop insight on the influence of bi-directional interaction and soil–pile raft–structure interaction for predicting the inelastic response of soil–pile raft–structure system in a more reasonably accurate manner. A recently developed hysteresis model capable to simulate biaxial interaction between deformations in two principal directions of any structural member under two orthogonal components of ground motion has been used. This study primarily shows that a considerable change may occur in inelastic demand of structures due to the combined effect of such phenomena.