三亚湾及周边海域表层沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

基于三亚湾及周边海域73个表层沉积物样品重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cd和Hg的化学测试分析,运用多种技术方法,查明重金属分布特征,探讨重金属来源及影响因素,并对其开展生态风险评价。结果表明：研究区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Hg的平均含量分别为12.77、60.11、21.11、43.84、7.05、0.067、0.022 μg/g。As含量高值区为西瑁洲北侧海域,其他重金属分布大体上为沿岸低,向海的方向逐渐增高。Cr和Hg相对背景值亏损,其他重金属相对背景值少量富集;Zn、Pb、Cr分布符合“粒度控制效应”规律,物质来源为陆源碎屑的风化剥蚀。Cu除了来自陆源剥蚀外还可能受到人类活动的影响。Cd和Hg主要来自于沿岸生活污水的排放。As主要来自生活污水排放、农业施药、网箱水产养殖等;重金属总体属于低程度污染,总体平均潜在生态风险程度处于低等级水平,反映研究区总体较好的底质生态环境,且沿岸优于离岸海域。单项重金属平均污染程度排序为Cd>Pb>Zn>As=Cu>Cr>Hg,Cd和Pb属于中等程度污染,其他重金属属于低程度污染。单项重金属平均潜在生态风险程度均为低等级,排序为Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn;Cd为研究区污染程度和潜在生态风险程度最大的重金属元素,需加强对其的防控与治理。     

A System for Fast Cartographic Sounding Selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of the ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This article describes a system for automatic cartographic sounding selection. In this system, a new algorithm for automated selecting soundings is developed. The algorithm is employed in such a way that it can guarantee (a) fast and accurate selecting sounding, (b) processing the circular depth curves, (c) solving the overplotting problems between depth curves and soundings, and (d) keeping selected soundings “prettier.” The system was intensively tested using real data sets, and its superiority has been revealed by the testing results.     

脆性岩体岩爆倾向性的相似材料配比试验研究

坚硬脆性岩体具有岩爆倾向性。选取单轴抗压强度? c、抗压抗拉强度比? c /? t与冲击能量指数WB为岩爆概化指标。在制作岩爆模型材料时,采用石英砂、石膏、水泥、水、甘油和明胶等相似材料成分运用正交试验设计的原理进行配比试验,制作模型小试件。对模型小试件进行单轴抗压强度试验和劈裂试验,找出了各相似材料成分配比对试件? c、? c /? t与WB的影响特征,选取了合适的岩爆模型材料的配方。该配方力学指标稳定,既满足物理模拟岩爆的模型材料的要求,又便于一次性浇注大尺寸模型试件,较适用于大型物理模拟试验。     

含粉煤灰与伊利石的高吸水复合材料性能测试

粉煤灰具有一定的吸水能力,且含多种营养元素,对土壤有很好的改良效果;伊利石也具有吸水性,且含钾量高。采用溶液聚合法首次合成的粉煤灰-伊利石/丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水复合材料,其吸蒸馏水、自来水、生理盐水倍率分别为1 782,450,117,而国家“863计划”关于高吸水材料的技术指标分别为300,150,50;同时对复合材料的保水性、热稳定性、耐寒性及其二次吸液性能进行测试,结果表明:复合材料具有优越的保水性,25℃条件下干燥8 d,吸水凝胶还可以保持50%的吸水量;在0～120℃范围性能稳定;具有较高的二次吸液能力,可以多次使用。     

打滑地层新型孕镶金刚石钻头

在分析打滑地层特点的基础上,指出了钻进该地层所存在的问题,提出了用于打滑地层钻进的新型孕镶金刚石钻头的设计思路,在钻头工作层中采用主、辅两种磨料,并对这两种磨料的工作机理、处理工艺以及该新型钻头的制造进行了阐述.钻头的室内钻进试验结果表明:在钻进极坚硬致密的锆刚玉时,相对于普通金刚石钻头,新型孕镶金刚石钻头的钻进时效提高1.93倍,平均磨损量增加38%,具有高时效、相对寿命长的优点,是打滑地层钻进的理想钻头.     

Adsorption characteristics of perchloroethylene in natural sandy materials with low organic carbon content

Laboratory batch tests were conducted to investigate the sorption isotherms and sorption kinetics of the chlorinated hydrocarbon perchloroethylene (PCE) in five natural sandy materials with an organic carbon content (f _oc) in the range 0.080–0.540%. The amended non-linear dual-mode model can describe the sorption isotherms in materials with f _oc in the range 0.080–0.090%. For a sample with a much higher f _oc of 0.54%, the absorption isotherm was found to fit a linear model. These results may indicate that organic carbon is not the main factor influencing the sorption isotherm. The sorption kinetics of PCE in samples with f _oc in the range 0.080–0.090% are not first-order and are different from those observed in the samples with higher f _oc. The sorption process in the materials with lower f _oc involves fast sorption, fast desorption and an equilibrium stage. The results may imply that the factors affecting sorption kinetics of PCE in low f _oc media are pore filling and capillary condensation rather than organic carbon content.     

GIS支持下的土壤重金属污染预测预警研究

面对日益严重的土壤重金属污染问题,必须采用快速高效的方法对污染趋势做出预测预警。本研究建立了土壤重金属污染预警模型和土壤重金属污染超标年限预测模型,并在GIS技术支持下,开发了基于ArcView GIS的预警预测程序模块,实现了对土壤重金属污染的预警预测。最后以北京市及其近郊区为实例,对该区重金属污染进行了预警并对Pb元素超标年限进行了预测,取得了较好的预警预测结果。     

Test of Hack's slope to bed material relationship in the Southern Eifel Uplands,Germany

The local reach gradient of small gravel bed rivers (drainage area 0-8-110 km²) in the Eifel, West Germany, is adjusted to transport the river bed sediments. Transport of gravel becomes possible under high flow conditions (Shields entrainment factor ≈-03). Mean bed material size for riffle sections increases with distance downstream. For small drainage areas channel slope is a negative exponential function of drainage area, while for the larger region the additional influence of bedload size has to be considered. Good agreement with Hack's data (1957) for Virginia and Maryland, U.S.A., is achieved (S = 0.0066 (D₅₀/A)^{- 40.}, r = 0.67).     

高地应力V级围岩相似材料研制及岩体开挖卸载模型试验分析

以黄土、砂为骨料,石膏、水泥为胶结材料,水为调节剂,以正交试验方法配制出V级围岩相似材料,该材料能够很好的模拟隧道Ⅴ级软弱围岩。在此基础上,以钢筒模型试验为媒介,通过千斤顶配合反力架加载,观察不同材料配比下的试验组应力变化斜率、自稳时间、应变大小等方面的差异,结合加载完成后模型开口处岩体变化情况,探索高地应力下Ⅴ级围岩开挖卸载效应。试验结果表明:虽然相似材料会因配比不同改变物理力学性质,但主要是对弹性模量的影响较大;在增大垂直压力作用下,试验中材料自稳时间变长,应力释放也较为彻底,但整体趋势放缓。     

Analysis of the impact of conservation measures on stream flow regime in catchments of the Loess Plateau,China

Catchments in the Loess Plateau have been under the influence of human activities for centuries. In the last four decades, soil conservation measures have accelerated and intensified. These measures were designed to reduce soil erosion, improve agricultural productivity, and enhance environmental quality. It is important to evaluate the effects of these measures on hydrology in order to develop sustainable catchment management plans in the region. This study evaluated changes in stream flow data for four selected catchments in the Loess Plateau following large‐scale soil conservation measures. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to identify trends in annual stream flow and the results showed significant downward trends in three of the four catchments. The Pettitt test indicated that a change point occurred in 1978 in these three catchments. Annual precipitation in all the catchments showed no significant trend during the period of record. Comparison of daily flow duration curves for two 20‐year periods (1957–1978) and (1979–2003) showed significant changes in stream flow regime. Reduction in most percentile flows varied between 20 and 45%, and the reduction in low flows was greatest. Overall, the reductions in daily flow were increasing with time, with significant changes occurring in the 1990s. However, it is not clear whether these catchments have seen the full effects of the soil conservation measures, so the results of this study might underestimate the final impact of soil conservation on stream flow regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.