位场梯度的归一化标准差方法在地质体边界定位问题中的应用

在综合分析前人研究成果基础上,采用位场梯度的归一化标准差(NSTD)方法来识别地质体边界.通过理论模型实验讨论了窗口大小的选择对于计算结果的影响,并验证了NSTD方法不仅可以识别单一地质体边界,而且还可以识别不同埋深的、形态各异的相邻地质体边界.利用此方法对大巴山及其前缘地区的重力数据进行了处理,并与水平总梯度模(hgm)、总梯度模(AS)、局部波速(LW)以及Tilt水平总梯度模(Tilt-hgm)方法的应用效果进行了对比分析.研究结果提供了大巴山及其前缘地区的构造分区信息,对于油气远景预测具有重要的指导意义.     

Fitness-for-Purpose of Reference Material Reference Values in Relation to Traceability of Measurement, as Illustrated by USGS BCR-1, NIST SRM 610 and IAEA NBS28

As in all fields of sample analysis, reference materials play a large role in supporting measurements in the geosciences. While a rather large number of materials are in distribution (> 380), not all are equally effective or fit-for-purpose in supporting laboratory data quality and thereby assuring the desired comparability of measurements between laboratories. Equally important, reference values that are not fit-for-purpose cannot be used effectively to establish traceability links between laboratory measurements and national and international standards. The needed fitness-for-purpose is not achieved for reference values either when more than one reference value has been proposed and a consensus does not exist among users as to which should be used by all, or when reference value uncertainties are too large in comparison to those of routine laboratory measurements. The focus of this review will be, first to outline the current reality, and second to suggest ways in which certifications of RMs can be improved to provide reference values that are universally accepted and more fit-for-purpose in general laboratory use. The discussion will be illustrated largely by current uses of USGS BCR-1, NIST SRM 610 and IAEA NBS28, as these three materials are those for which the largest body of newly published data exists, according to recent bibliographies of the geoanalytical literature published annually in Geostandards Newsletter: The Journal of Geostandards and Geoanalysis.     

基于探针气体吸附等温线的矿物材料表征技术:Ⅱ.多孔材料的孔隙结构

含纳米孔的天然矿物岩石材料的吸附和催化性能对于表生地球化学过程、材料加工、应用及煤炭开发利用等方面均有着重要意义。本文对比分析了各种纳米孔表征技术,重点介绍了基于吸附等温线的纳米孔研究方法。对三个典型样品等温线数据的模型计算表明,应根据材料中孔的形态(平行板状孔、球形孔和圆柱形孔)选择模型,不同类型孔所对应的计算方法和参数有很大差别。表征材料表面能量均匀的样品可首先考虑采用DFT法;HK法一般只作为定性研究方法,BJH方法受样品本身性质参数的影响较小,且计算简单,可广泛应用于介孔材料的孔径分布的表征。     

Detrital zircon ages and Hf isotopic compositions of metasedimentary rocks in the Wuqia area of Southwest Tianshan,NW China: implications for the early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogenic belt

ABSTRACT

The Chinese Southwest Tianshan Orogenic Belt is located along the boundary between the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and the Tarim Block (TB), NW China. It records the convergence of the Tarim Block and the Middle Tianshan, and is, therefore, a crucial region for understanding the Eurasia continental growth and evolution. The Wulagen (geographical name) metasedimentary rocks of the Wuqia area (mainly metamorphic sandstones and mica schists) form one of the metamorphic terranes in the Southwestern Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The geochronology of these rocks is poorly known, which hampers our understanding of the tectonic evolution of the belt. We analyzed 517 zircon grains for detrital zircon U–Pb dating and 93 zircon grains for in situ Lu–Hf isotopic compositions from the Wulagen metasedimentary rocks. The analyzed zircon grains yield Neoarchean to late Paleozoic U–Pb ages with major age peaks at ~2543 Ma, 1814 Ma, 830 Ma, 460 Ma, and the youngest cluster of zircon (magmatogene) ages is 395 Ma. The zircon U–Pb data show that the late Paleozoic (Early Devonian) is the maximum depositional age of the Wulagen metasedimentary rocks, rather than the previously considered Precambrian period. The zircons with Paleozoic ages yield εHf(t) values of ?22.0 to +11.3 and two-stage model ages (TDM₂) of 3.95 to 1.30 Ga, suggesting that the parental magmas were formed from partial melting of pre-existing crustal rocks. Our zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic data indicate the major source regions for the Wulagen metasedimentary rocks was the Kyrgyzstan North Tianshan. The zircon age population of 600–400 Ma (peak at ~460 Ma) has negative εHf(t) values (?15.0 to ?0.6) and Mesoproterozoic two-stage model ages, suggesting that the early Paleozoic magmatism resulted mainly from the melting of ancient crust, which played an important role in crustal evolution in the southern CAOB.     

黏土中自升式钻井船插桩对邻近桩基影响的分析方法

自升式钻井船是广泛用于浅、中水域油气资源开发的重要设施,经常紧邻固定式导管架平台进行作业。钻井船插桩就位过程中大量土体被排开,挤土效应会导致邻近导管架平台桩基承受很大的附加荷载,影响平台的正常设计性能,该效应在黏土中尤为显著。针对黏土中钻井船插桩对邻近桩基的影响这一实际问题,现有规范和分析方法存在明显不足。为此,建立了一套数值分析方法,把这一复杂问题分解成相对独立、简单的两个方面进行分析：一是采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）数值方法,计算自由场地插桩周围土体产生的位移场;二是利用桩基水平力与位移关系曲线,即P-Y曲线,采用杆系-土弹簧的传统方法计算土体位移产生的桩体加载。通过与已有离心试验数据的比较,验证了该方法的可靠性和适用性。研究揭示了自由场地土体的变形模式和流动机制,阐明了由于插桩邻近桩基产生的附加荷载变化规律,特别是发现了黏土变形参数 对插桩引起的自由场地土体位移场有显著影响,但对插桩引起的桩基加载影响较小。最后,针对导管架对桩基的桩头约束条件和插桩及导管架自身对桩基的线性叠加加载适用性问题给出了详细说明。     

Suction-controlled experiments on Boom clay

The understanding of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of a clay barrier is needed for the prediction of its final in situ properties after the hydration and thermal transient in a radioactive waste repository.

As part of the CEC 1990–1994 R&D programme on radioactive waste management and storage, the CEA (Fr), CIEMAT (Sp), ENRESA (Sp), SCK · CEN (B), UPC (Sp) and UWCC (UK) have carried out a joint project on unsaturated clay behaviour (Volckaert et al., 1996). The aim of the study is to analyse and model the behaviour of a clay-based engineered barrier during its hydration phase under real repository conditions. The hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydraulic models developed in this project have been coupled to describe stress/strain behaviour, moisture migration and heat transfer. A thermo-hydraulic model has also been coupled to a geochemical code to describe the migration and formation of chemical species.

In this project, suction-controlled experiments have been performed on Boom clay (B), FoCa clay (Fr) and Almeria bentonite (Sp). The aim of these experiments is to test the validity of the interpretive model developed by Alonso and Gens (Alonso et al., 1990), and to build a database of unsaturated clay thermo-hydro-mechanical parameters. Such a database can then be used for validation exercises in which in situ experiments are simulated.

The Boom clay is a moderately swelling clay of Rupellian age. It is studied at the SCK · CEN in Belgium as a potential host rock for a radioactive waste repository. In this paper, suction-controlled experiments carried out on Boom clay by SCK · CEN are described. SCK · CEN has performed experiments to measure the relation between suction, water content and temperature and the relation between suction, stress and deformation. The applied suction-control techniques and experimental setups are detailed. The results of these experiments are discussed in the perspective of the model of Alonso and Gens. The influence of temperature on water uptake was rather small. The measured swelling-collapse behaviour can be explained by the Alonso and Gens model.     

关于高精度航空磁测中的磁补偿原理及补偿效果评价的探讨

对于高精度航空磁测来说,飞机磁干扰必须有效的消除,其方法是补偿飞行。补偿效果的好坏直接影响到物探飞行数据的质量,所以有必要采用一些量化指标对磁补偿的效果进行评价,从而对补偿飞行的质量进行有效地控制。这里介绍了飞机磁干扰场的补偿原理及两种评价补偿效果的指标:品质因数(FOM值)和标准差(σc),采用了这两个量化指标对磁补偿的效果进行评价,就能对补偿飞行的质量进行有效的控制。     

东太平洋CC区多金属结核物质来源和分布规律

对东太平洋CC区(Clarion-Clipperton Zone)多金属结核丰度、品位、多波束地形测量、深拖光学覆盖率探测、地震勘探等一系列调查资料综合研究表明:①东区和西区结核在其化学成分和形态上有差异,但是聚类分析结果表明不能按区域断然分开;②因子分析得出东、西两区结核4种主因子是Mn组元素Mn、Cu、Ni、Zn,Fe组元素Fe、Co、Ti、Sr,岩源组元素Si、Al、K,生物元素Ca、P;③西区结核成矿物质主要来源于上覆海水中金属元素的化学沉淀,火山成矿作用使结核富集和丰度增加,趋势面和人工神经网络分析表明结核主要分布在海底坡度≤5°地区,该地区的结核量占总结核量的89.62％,坡度>5°地区结核量占10.38％;④东区结核丰度、覆盖率、地形三者变化一致,重大相变距离为10～15km,来自地幔成矿物质通过玄武质洋壳裂隙和断层,为多金属结核的形成和生长提供了丰富的物质来源,地球深部地质作用过程如基底岩浆房活动可能对结核分布产生重要影响;⑤东太平洋CC区多金属结核矿带的形成应归于海底板块扩张活动的一种资源效应和经后期表生地质作用改造的结果。     

LA-ICP-MS标准锆石原位微区U-Pb定年及微量元素的分析测定

利用长安大学成矿作用及其动力学实验室Agilent 7700X四极杆等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和Photo Machines Analyte Excite 193nm激光,在激光频率为5Hz,束斑直径为35μm条件下,对91500、GJ-1、Ple?ovice和Qinghu 4个标准锆石进行了原位微区U-Pb同位素和微量元素测定。结果显示,91500标准锆石20个测试点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为1059~1070Ma,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为1063.8±6.6Ma;GJ-1标准锆石28个测试点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为601~610Ma,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为605.4±3.0Ma;Ple?ovice标准锆石28个测试点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为336~341Ma,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为338.8±1.4Ma;Qinghu标准锆石40个测试点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为158~165Ma,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为159.9±0.7Ma。上述结果表明,91500、GJ-1、Ple?ovice和Qinghu 4个标准锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄都在误差范围内,且年龄加权平均值与前人报道的年龄在误差范围内一致。同时,4个标准锆石的微量元素结果基本落在前人文献报道的范围内。从4个标准锆石的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线可以看出,稀土元素的相对含量较准确。以上结果表明,建立的测试方法实现了对锆石原位微区U-Pb定年及微量元素的同时测定,分析数据结果准确、可靠。     

Development and Re‐Evaluation of Tourmaline Reference Materials for In Situ Measurement of Boron δ Values by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Six tourmaline samples were investigated as potential reference materials (RMs) for boron isotope measurement by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The tourmaline samples are chemically homogeneous and cover a compositional range of tourmaline supergroup minerals (primarily Fe, Mg and Li end‐members). Additionally, they have homogeneous boron delta values with intermediate precision values during SIMS analyses of less than 0.6‰ (2s). These samples were compared with four established tourmaline RMs, that is, schorl IAEA‐B‐4 and three Harvard tourmalines (schorl HS#112566, dravite HS#108796 and elbaite HS#98144). They were re‐evaluated for their major element and boron delta values using the same measurement procedure as the new tourmaline samples investigated. A discrepancy of about 1.5‰ in δ¹¹B was found between the previously published reference values for established RMs and the values determined in this study. Significant instrumental mass fractionation (IMF) of up to 8‰ in δ¹¹B was observed for schorl–dravite–elbaite solid solutions during SIMS analysis. Using the new reference values determined in this study, the IMF of the ten tourmaline samples can be modelled by a linear combination of the chemical parameters FeO + MnO, SiO₂ and F. The new tourmaline RMs, together with the four established RMs, extend the boron isotope analysis of tourmaline towards the Mg‐ and Al‐rich compositional range. Consequently, the in situ boron isotope ratio of many natural tourmalines can now be determined with an uncertainty of less than 0.8‰ (2s).