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771.
Dehydration experiments on natural omphacites: qualitative and quantitative characterization by various spectroscopic methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Koch-Müller I. Abs-Wurmbach D. Rhede V. Kahlenberg S. Matsyuk 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(9):663-678
A series of natural omphacites from a wide range of P, T occurrences were investigated by electron microprobe (EMP), infrared (IR)-, Mössbauer (MS)- and optical spectroscopy in the UV/VIS spectral range (UV/VIS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and single crystal structure refinement by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the influence of hydrogen loss on valence state and site occupancies of iron. In accordance with literature data we found Fe2+ at M1 as well as at M2, and in a first approach assigned Fe3+ to M1, as indicated by MS and XRD results. Hydrogen content of three of our omphacite samples were measured by SIMS. In combination with IR spectroscopy we determined an absorption coefficient: ε i,tot = 65,000 ± 3,000 lmolH2O ?1 cm?2. Using this new ε i,tot value, we obtained water concentrations ranging from 60 to 700 ppm H2O (by weight). Hydrogen loss was simulated by stepwise heating the most water rich samples in air up to 800°C. After heat treatment the samples were analyzed again by IR, MS, UV/VIS, and XRD. Depending on the type of the OH defect, the grade of dehydration with increasing temperature is significantly different. In samples relatively poor in Fe3+ (<0.1 Fe3+ pfu), hydrogen associated with vacancies at M2 (OH bands around 3,450 cm?1) starts to leave the structure at about 550°C and is completely gone at 780°C. Hydrogen associated with Al3+ at the tetrahedral site (OH bands around 3,525 cm?1, Koch-Müller et al., Am Mineral, 89:921–931, 2004) remains completely unaffected by heat treatment up to 700°C. But all hydrogen vanished at about 775°C. However, this is different for a more Fe3+-rich sample (0.2 Fe3+ pfu). Its IR spectrum is characterized by a very intense OH band at 3,515 cm?1 plus shoulder at 3,450 cm?1. We assign this intense high-energy band to vibrations of an OH dipole associated with Fe3+ at M1 and a vacancy either at M1 or M2. OH release during heating is positively correlated with decrease in Fe2+ and combined with increase in Fe3+. That dehydration is correlated with oxidation of Fe2+ is indirectly confirmed by annealing of one sample in a gas mixing furnace at 700°C under reducing conditions keeping almost constant OH? content and giving no indication of Fe2+-oxidation. Obtained data indicate that in samples with a relatively high concentration of Fe2+ at M2 and low-water concentrations, i.e., at a ratio of Fe2+ M2/H > 10 dehydration occurs by iron oxidation of Fe2+ exclusively at the M2 site following the reaction: \( {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{2 + [ M2]}}}}{\text{OH}}^{ - } } \right]} = {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{3 + [ M2]}}}} {\text{O}}^{{{\text{2}} - }} } \right]} + {\text{1/2}}\;{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} \uparrow . \) In samples having relatively low concentration of Fe2+ at M2 but high-water concentrations, i.e., ratio of Fe2+ M2/H < 5.0 dehydration occurs through oxidation of Fe2+ at M1. 相似文献
772.
773.
为分析BDS-3在极地地区的定位精度,选取两极地区10个MGEX站连续7 d的观测数据进行SPP和PPP实验。结果表明,BDS-3在两极地区可见卫星数及PDOP基本一致,平均可见卫星数约为9颗,PDOP约为2.3。BDS-3各频点间定位精度相差不大,南极地区SPP定位精度略优于北极,特别是U方向。北极地区E、N、U方向定位精度分别优于1 m、1 m和5 m,南极地区E、N、U方向定位精度分别优于1 m、1 m和2 m。BDS-3在两极地区PPP定位精度相当,与GPS定位精度基本一致,各频点组合定位精度在E、N、U方向均优于2 cm。 相似文献
774.
775.
海雾生成过程中平流、湍流、辐射效应研究 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
推导出一个相对湿度方程,分析了在海雾生成过程中平流、湍流和辐射的效应. 相似文献
776.
对山东省风暴潮灾害和已建的防潮工程进行初步分析;介绍山东省滩涂治理开发规划;对海堤标准、几种灾害遭遇的机率、防潮堤和防潮闸规划、必要的技术政策问题提出了自己的见解。 相似文献
777.
The effect of cadmium on the growth of an intertidal marine gastropod, Nassarius festivus, was investigated using a number of biomarkers namely conventional measurements in terms of increase in shell length or body weight, scope for growth (SfG) and RNA/DNA ratio. After eight days of cadmium exposure, the no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) for the rate of increase in wet weight were 1.00 and 1.38 mg/l, respectively, while those for shell length did not show any significant difference from the control until day 16. After 16 days of cadmium exposure, the LOEC for both shell length and wet weight measurements was 0.22 mg/l. The 8-day SfG test was sensitive to cadmium stress, showing a significant decrease at 0.16 mg/l cadmium when compared to the control. The NOEC and LOEC of RNA/DNA ratio determination were 0.52 and 0.93 mg/l, respectively. An assessment based on sensitivity and technical complexity suggests that Scope for Growth is the most sensitive growth biomarker, followed by the RNA/DNA ratio, and then the conventional growth measurement based on shell size and body weight. 相似文献
778.
航空电磁法在黄河口地区寻找浅层淡水的地质效果 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对利用航空电磁法寻找浅层淡水的方法技术进行了探索,根据找水需要编制了保留区域场的三频标差异常图,对本区的海侵界线及海侵程度进行了研究,并在咸水区内圈定浅层淡水远景区29处,对各淡水远景区进行了分析与评价. 相似文献
779.
冯文灏 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》1999,(2)
提出一种同时利用精密标准尺的长度精度和精密经纬仪的角度精度的方法,阐明建立此等控制网的理论与实际操作要点。此种方法还可用于一组GPS接收机的精度检验。 相似文献
780.
Based on the practice of artificial freezing engineering in deep alluvium and simulation tests, it is found that there exists an obvious difference between frozen soil mechanics for shallow alluvium and for deep alluvium. The concept of frozen soil mechanics for deep alluvium, its research topics and methods are presented in this paper. 相似文献