High‐Precision Fe and Mg Isotope Ratios of Silicate Reference Glasses Determined In Situ by Femtosecond LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS and by Solution Nebulisation MC‐ICP‐MS

In this study, a technique for high precision in situ Fe and Mg isotope determinations by femtosecond‐laser ablation‐multi collector‐ICP‐MS (fs‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) was developed. This technique was employed to determine reference values for a series of common reference glasses that may be used for external standardisation of in situ Fe and Mg isotope determinations in silicates. The analysed glasses are part of the MPI‐DING and United States Geological Survey (USGS) reference glass series, consisting of basaltic (BIR‐1G, BCR‐2G, BHVO‐2G, KL2‐G, ML3B‐G) and komatiitic (GOR128‐G and GOR132‐G) compositions. Their Fe and Mg isotope compositions were determined by in situ fs‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS and by conventional solution nebulisation multi‐collector ICP‐MS. We determined δ⁵⁶Fe values for these glasses ranging between ‐0.04‰ and 0.10‰ (relative to IRMM‐014) and δ²⁶Mg values ranging between ‐0.40‰ and ‐0.15‰ (relative to DSM‐3). Our fs‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS results for both Fe and Mg isotope compositions agreed with solution nebulisation analyses within analytical uncertainties. Furthermore, the results of three USGS reference glasses (BIR‐1G, BHVO‐2G and BCR‐2G) agreed with previous results for powdered and dissolved aliquots of the same reference materials. Measurement reproducibilities of the in situ determinations of δ⁵⁶Fe and δ²⁶Mg values were usually better than 0.12‰ and 0.13‰ (2s), respectively. We further demonstrate that our technique is a suitable tool to resolve isotopic zoning in chemically‐zoned olivine crystals. It may be used for a variety of different applications on isotopically‐zoned minerals, e.g., in magmatic or metamorphic rocks or meteorites, to unravel their formation or cooling rates.     

Major,minor element chemistry and oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of Marun oil‐field brines,SW Iran: Source history and economic potential

Cation and anion concentrations and oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios of brines in the Asmari Formation (Oligocene–early Miocene) from the Marun oil field of southwest Iran were measured to identify the origin of these brines (e.g. salt dissolution vs. seawater evaporation) as well as the involvement of water–rock reaction processes in their evolution. Marun brines are characterized by having higher concentrations of calcium (11 000–20 000 mg/L), chlorine (120 000–160 000 mg/L) and bromide (600–1000 mg/L) compared to modern seawater. Samples are also enriched in ¹⁸O relative to seawater, fall to the right of the Global Meteoric Water Line and local rain water, and plot close to the halite brine trajectory on the δD versus δ¹⁸O diagram. Geochemical characteristics of Marun brines are inconsistent with a meteoric origin, but instead correspond to residual evaporated seawater modified by water–rock interaction, most significantly dolomitization. In addition, anhydrite precipitation or sulphate reduction appears to be important in chemical modification of the Marun brines, as indicated by lower sulphate contents relative to evaporated seawater. Extensive dolomitization, the presence of anhydrite nodules and high salinity fluid inclusions in the upper parts of the Asmari Formation fit a model whereby the Marun brines likely originated from the seepage reflux of concentrated seawater during the deposition of the overlying Gachsaran Formation evaporites in the Miocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石笋包裹体重建古温度的研究进展

洞穴石笋是全球气候变化研究的重要载体,石笋包裹体因其捕获了当时环境条件下的水溶液或气体而封存了古气候的原始信息,因此可以重建古温度。围绕当前石笋包裹体研究的现状,阐述了包裹体的形成机制及其在石笋中的分布特征,讨论了包裹体测温(包括稳定同位素测温法、惰性气体测温法、均一温度测温法)原理、方法和技术,分析了石笋包裹体气候学存在的问题及其发展前景。     

牡蛎壳体的同位素贝壳年轮研究

贝壳年轮学通过研究水生生物骨骼的周期性增长,来解译其生命历史及记录的环境信息。介绍了贝壳年轮研究的对象和方法、回顾了贝壳年轮的发展历程,并以渤海湾地区的现生和埋藏牡蛎壳体为例进行了贝壳年轮与壳体同位素剖面分析研究,首次同时关注牡蛎壳体剖面内的生长层和壳体韧带槽表面的特征层,二者共同指示了准确的生长年轮。结果显示,对应于壳体韧带槽表面凹沟的壳体剖面内灰色半透明生长层,具有一个年生长周期内最重的氧同位素比值,是晚秋至早春季节水温较低、食物来源匮乏时期形成的缓慢致密生长层;对应于壳体韧带槽表面外凸层中部的壳体剖面内灰色半透明生长层,具有较轻的氧同位素比值,是春季牡蛎产卵而形成的缓慢致密生长层;二者均具有良好的季节性指示意义,可以根据这些特征生长层对壳体的生长年龄进行准确的判断。     

滇西印支地块东北缘新元古代侵入岩形成时代的厘定及其构造意义:锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及地球化学证据

印支地块北东缘姚家寨复式岩体位于哀牢山构造带西南翼的浅变质带中,主要由角闪辉长岩和花岗闪长岩组成。角闪辉长岩以含有大量含水矿物——角闪石为特征,出露面积达70km2的规模表明岩浆侵位于挤压的区域构造条件。岩石的高铝基性岩性质(Al2O3≥16%)及在微量元素蛛网图上展示出的大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr、K和Ba)和轻稀土元素(La、Ce)相对原始地幔强烈富集,尤其是Nb和Ta的负异常,以及Mg#(52.14～65.35)与原始的幔源岛弧岩浆相近及在Ta/Yb-Th/Yb图解上所有的角闪辉长岩样品均投在洋内岛弧玄武岩区,揭示其岛弧的岩浆岩性质及其形成于与板块俯冲有关的岛弧环境。花岗闪长岩的埃达克岩性质及K、La和Tb正异常,Nb、Ta、P和Ti强烈负异常的特征,表现出明显的岛弧型岩浆岩属性揭示其形成于与角闪辉长岩一样的与板块俯冲有关的岛弧环境。锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果显示代表角闪辉长岩和花岗闪长岩形成时代的锆石生长边结晶年龄分别为763±10Ma(MSWD=4.1)和761±11Ma(MSWD=5.9)。花岗闪长岩穿插于角闪辉长岩之中,展现出前者的侵位时间要晚于后者,但两个样品锆石生长边结晶年龄的相似,说明它们是同一期岩浆活动过程中不同阶段的产物。印支地块东北缘姚家寨复式岩体与扬子地块西缘岩浆岩带一样都具有明显岛弧性质,形成时代基本一致,两地块中早古生代沉积岩演变特点及晚古生代沉积岩、古生物和δ18O/δ13C比值和古地磁的相似性,以及印支地块中缺失扬子地块广泛出露的震旦纪地层,表明印支地块与扬子地块之间的古洋壳是在新元古代开始双向俯冲碰撞,于新元古代晚期拼贴在一起,并在扬子地块西缘和印支地块东北缘各形成一条规模不等的岛弧型岩浆岩带。     

Size‐based differences in isotopic niche width (δ13C and δ15N) of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting on Príncipe Island,Gulf of Guinea

Within the same population, nesting green turtles (Chelonia mydas) might exploit different niches by exhibiting polymorphic foraging strategies and/or inhabiting geographically distinct foraging areas. This is crucial information for the conservation of this species. Here, we used stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) to test for differences in a population of green turtles nesting on Príncipe Island (1°37′N; 7°24?′E), Central Africa. A total of 60 nesting females were sampled on the two main nesting beaches of the island in December 2012. Minimum curved carapace length (CCL) was recorded, and δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values were measured in the epidermis of each individual. Overall, CCL varied from 87.0 to 108.0 cm (mean ± SD =100.0 ± 5.1), δ¹³C values from ?19.4 to ?8.6‰ (?17.3 ± 1.8) and δ¹⁵N values from 7.9 to 17.3‰ (13.6 ± 1.5). Despite the large variation in both isotopic ratios, their distributions were unimodal, showing an absence of polymorphic foraging strategies and isotopically distinct foraging areas. However, smaller females (< median, 100.8 cm) occupied a much larger isotopic niche (i.e., four times greater) than larger females. These results suggest that nesting green turtles may forage opportunistically on the resources available in each of their foraging home ranges, with smaller females venturing to more isotopic‐diversified areas and/or exhibiting broader foraging strategies than larger females. In addition, and in accordance with other studies, findings suggest that the foraging grounds used by the Príncipe green turtle nesting females are distributed mainly throughout the Gulf of Guinea.     

Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban,forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania,USA

Understanding the influence of storm events on nitrate (NO₃^?) dynamics is important for efficiently managing NO₃^? pollution. In this study, five sites representing a downstream progression of forested uplands underlain by resistant sandstone to karst lowlands with agricultural, urban and mixed land‐use were established in Spring Creek, a 201 km² mixed land‐use watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. At each site, stream water was monitored during six storm events in 2005 to assess changes in stable isotopes of NO₃^? (δ¹⁵N‐NO₃^? and δ¹⁸O‐NO₃^?) and water (δ¹⁸O‐H₂O) from baseflow to peakflow. Peakflow fractions of event NO₃^? and event water were then computed using two‐component mixing models to elucidate NO₃^? flow pathway differences among the five sites. For the forested upland site, storm size appeared to affect NO₃^? sources and flow pathways. During small storms (<35 mm rainfall), greater event NO₃^? fractions than event water fractions indicated the prevalence of atmospheric NO₃^? source contributions at peakflow. During larger storms (>35 mm rainfall), event NO₃^? fractions were less than event water fractions at peakflow suggesting that NO₃^? was flushed from stored sources via shallow subsurface flow pathways. For the urbanized site, wash‐off of atmospheric NO₃^? was an important NO₃^? source at peakflow, especially during short‐duration storms where event water contributions indicated the prevalence of overland flow. In the karst lowlands, very low fractions of event water and even lower fractions of event NO₃^? at peakflow suggested the dominance of ground water flow pathways during storms. These ground water flow pathways likely flushed stored NO₃^? sources into the stream, while deep soils in the karst lowlands also may have promoted NO₃^? assimilation. The results of this study illustrated how NO₃^? isotopes and δ¹⁸O‐H₂O could be combined to show key differences in water and NO₃^? delivery between forested uplands, karst valleys and fully urbanized watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isotopic variations in precipitation at Bangkok and their climatological significance

The stable isotopic composition of precipitation from low to mid latitudes contains information about changes of some climatic factors, such as temperature, precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns. However, the isotopic variations in the area are very complicated because of the combined influences of these factors. Proper interpretation of the patterns of isotopic variations for palaeoclimate reconstructions in this area requires a detailed understanding of these complex stable isotope controls. The isotopic data (δ¹⁸O and δ²D) in precipitation at the International Atomic Energy Agency–World Meteorological Organization Bangkok station were collected and analysed because of the relatively long and unbroken isotopic records and the particular geographical location. The isotopic variations at Bangkok have strong seasonal patterns owing to distinct source regions in different seasons. In summer, the remote sources of water there can influence the δ¹⁸O values significantly, which is verified by the simple Rayleigh model. In winter, the mixing of isotopically distinct air masses with different origins, i.e. the continental and oceanic air masses, accounts for the isotopic variations. In the transition periods of the Asia–Australia monsoon, namely in May and October, the local vapour contribution may play a role in the isotopic ratios. On the interannual time‐scale, the influences of El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on isotopic composition are examined. The indications are that both the ENSO and IOD indices have a significant correlation with the δ¹⁸O ratios, and that the δ¹⁸O ratio in summer rains is significantly more enriched (depleted) during the warm (cold) phase of ENSO/IOD events. All the results suggest that it is useful for us in understanding the water cycling process and may be helpful in palaeoclimate reconstruction in this monsoon region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heavy minerals clustering analysis in application of provenance analysis of Kong 2 Member in Kongnan area

The main task of provenance analysis is to determine the source of sediments and the position of parent rocks. Provenance analysis may find out the relationship between erosion districts and sediment zone, between the uplift and the depression in the process of basin development. The authors use the method of heavy mineral clustering analysis and estimate the provenance direction of Huanghua Depression in the Paleogene Kong 2 Member. Research shows that there were five provenance areas of Kong 2 Member in Kongnan area.They are western (Shenusi), northwestern (Cangzhou), eastern (Ganhuatun), northeastern and southeastern. The main provenance areas were northwestern and western, while the southern provenance could not be ruled out. And these areas are consistent with the known provenance areas.     

柴达木地块北缘全吉地块钾长石浅粒岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年——对达肯大坂岩群时代的约束

为查明全吉地块基底中达肯大坂岩群的最大沉积年龄,用LA-ICP-MS技术测定了钾长石浅粒岩中的锆石U-Pb年龄。CL图像和Th/U比值指示这些锆石均为岩浆成因的锆石。36个测点207Pb/206Pb年龄变化范围为2094～2280Ma,其中年龄谐和度高于90%的30个测点的207Pb/206Pb年龄相对概率密度曲线呈单峰分布特征,峰值年龄为2190Ma左右。结合全吉地块最早一期变质事件的年龄,钾长石浅粒岩原岩碎屑和所在的达肯大坂岩群的沉积年龄范围被约束在1.95～2.19Ga之间。本研究表明,前人在侵入于达肯大坂岩群的伟晶岩脉中获得的约2.42Ga年龄的锆石应捕获于围岩,属于继承性岩浆碎屑成因,该类锆石年龄不能用来约束达肯大坂岩群原岩的最小沉积年龄。