Climate change: Social adaptation strategies for fishermen

As climate change continues to pose a major threat to the well-being of both people and the environment, adaptation to its negative effects has moved to the forefront among occupations that rely on natural resources for their livelihood. As one of the main occupational groups who are dependent on nature, fishermen are expected to experience many new challenges from the changing climate. Though an adequate amount of scientific research on climate change has been carried out, few studies have explored the social circumstances of the issue, particularly in the context of small scale fishermen. This paper aims to address this gap. Aspects such as risks reduction, social relationships, climate change knowledge, alternative skills, involvement in adaptation planning and access to credit are recommended to be considered as these are found to provide synergy for social adaptation, and it is hoped that such recommendation strategies will assist stakeholders in generating and engendering effective adaptation strategies for small-scale fishermen.     

Evaluation of the carrying capacity of marine industrial parks: A case study in China

Carrying capacity is an important index used to evaluate the status of regional resources, ecological environment, and regional economic development. Marine industrial parks have gained substantial attention from domestic and foreign investors and governments at all levels; in particular, these parks are an essential part of the national blue economy development plan of the Chinese government. The carrying capacity of a marine industrial park is important to all related stakeholders. In this study, an evaluation system was established based on the literature review and expert interviews by using 32 indices under three dimensions (pressure, bearing, and transformation) to determine the carrying capacity of a marine industrial park. The carrying capacity of marine industrial parks in Shandong Province was evaluated using this system across diverse dimensions by incorporating state space and analytic hierarchy processes. Results indicated that carrying capacity significantly differed among regions, parks, and specific dimensions. Comparison among different types of marine industrial parks indicated that the modern marine service industry and fishery industrial parks showed improved and efficient development with relatively high bearing rates. By contrast, the modern marine manufacturing industry and strategic emerging industrial parks were significantly underdeveloped. This study proposes academic approaches and practical implications for the involved governments and managing committees. Furthermore, suggestions on park planning, policy support, industrial cluster, and industry–university–research institute alliances are provided to the government and enterprise perspectives to increase the carrying capacity of marine characteristic industrial parks.     

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的海岛地区资源环境承载力研究——以舟山普陀区、定海区为例

随着海洋强国、"一带一路"、生态文明建设等国家战略的不断推进,海岛在国家政治、军事、经济、社会、生态中的地位不断提高,海岛开发、利用的规模越来越大,其生态保护也面临着新的挑战。本文依据资源环境承载力内涵,兼顾海岛资源环境特点,研究形成海岛地区资源环境承载力评价指标体系,综合应用熵权法、TOPSIS(逼近理想解排序方法)模型评价了典型海岛地区——普陀区与定海区2009-2015年间的资源环境承载力状况,结果表明:普陀和定海资源环境承载力水平呈稳步提升趋势,各个时期的环境保护政策和节能减排相关措施在环境保护与污染治理等方面起到了较为积极的作用。最后,在基于生态系统的海岛综合管理框架内提出了对策建议。     

潮流界以下河段航道整治水位确定方法研究——以长江江阴以下河段为例

在总结分析现有整治水位确定方法的基础上,根据潮流界以下河段的水沙运动特性,本文提出一种基于输沙能力的航道整治水位确定方法。考虑上游来水、下游潮汐为独立事件,统计潮流界以下河段上游来水、下游潮汐不同等级组合出现的频率,采用数学模型计算相应组合下河段沿程的潮位、流速过程,以流速四次方代表水流的输沙能力,统计不同潮位等级对应的综合净输沙能力,确定最大综合净输沙能力对应的水位为(最优)航道整治水位。以长江下游白茆沙水道和福姜沙水道为例,计算了所在河段的航道整治水位,并探讨了起动流速对整治水位计算的影响和最高整治水位概念对工程的意义。     

Wintertime rates of net primary production and nitrate and ammonium uptake in the southern Benguela upwelling system

The elevated levels of primary productivity associated with eastern boundary currents are driven by nutrient- rich waters upwelled from depth, such that these regions are typically characterised by high rates of nitrate-fuelled phytoplankton growth. Production studies from the southern Benguela upwelling system (SBUS) tend to be biased towards the summer upwelling season, yet winter data are required to compute annual budgets and understand seasonal variability. Net primary production (NPP) and nitrate and ammonium uptake were measured concurrently at six stations in the SBUS in early winter. While euphotic zone NPP was highest at the stations nearest to the coast and declined with distance from the shore, a greater proportion was potentially exportable from open-ocean surface waters, as indicated by the higher specific nitrate uptake rates and f-ratios (ratio of nitrate uptake to total nitrogen consumption) at the stations located off the continental shelf. Near the coast, phytoplankton growth was predominantly supported by ammonium despite the high ambient nitrate concentrations. Along with ammonium concentrations as high as 3.6 µmol l^–1, this strongly suggests that nitrate uptake in the inshore SBUS, and by extension carbon drawdown, is inhibited by ammonium, at least in winter, although this has also been hypothesised for the summer.     

Geological control factors of micro oil distribution in tight reservoirs

Understanding the oil distribution characteristics in unconventional tight reservoirs is crucial for hydrocarbon evaluation and oil/gas extraction from such reservoirs. Previous studies on tight oil distribution characteristics are mostly concerned with the basin scale. Based on Lucaogou core samples, geochemical approaches including Soxhlet extraction, total organic carbon (TOC), and Rock-Eval are combined with reservoir physical approaches including mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and porosity-permeability analysis, to quantitatively evaluate oil distribution of tight reservoirs on micro scale. The emphasis is to identify the key geological control factors of micro oil distribution in such tight reservoirs. Dolomicrites and non-detrital mudstones have excellent hydrocarbon generation capacity while detritus-containing dolomites, siltstones, and silty mudstones have higher porosity and oil content, and coarser pore throat radius. Oil content is mainly controlled by porosity, pore throat radius, and hydrocarbon generation capacity. Porosity is positively correlated with oil content in almost all samples including various lithologies, indicating that it is a primary constraint for providing storage space. Pore throat radius is also an important factor, as oil migration is inhibited by the capillary pressure which must be overcome. If the reservoir rock with suitable porosity has no hydrocarbon generation capacity, pore throat radius will be decisive. As tight reservoirs are generally characterized by widely distributed nanoscale pore throats and high capillary pressure, hydrocarbon generation capacity plays an important role in reservoir rocks with suitable porosity and fine pore throats. Because such reservoir rocks cannot be charged completely. The positive correlation between hydrocarbon generation capacity and oil content in three types of high porosity lithologies (detritus-containing dolomites, siltstones, and silty mudstones) supports this assertion.     

甲烷流体活动与沉积物中碳、氮同位素组成响应——南海东北部海洋IV号地区研究

南海东沙群岛东北部海洋IV号地区GC16站重力柱状沉积物中的有机碳、总氮,以及自生碳酸盐岩矿物的无机碳同位素组成分析结果表明,甲烷流体活动区硫酸盐甲烷转换带(SMTZ—sulfate methane transition zone)是重要的生物地球化学界面,该带内沉积物中有机碳、氮与无机碳同位素组成变化明显。GC16站SMTZ上界面以下的沉积物中有机碳、氮同位素组成分别比其上的沉积物负偏1.4‰PDB和0.93‰,反映该带内甲烷缺氧氧化作用(AOM—anaerobic oxidation of methane)与氨氧化作用发育。无机碳同位素组成表明SMTZ界面之下沉积物中的自生碳酸盐岩矿物为以微生物为媒介的甲烷驱动成因,地质历史时期(至柱状沉积物底部沉积时期)曾发生过2次较强烈的CH₄流体活动;目前该区甲烷流体活动较弱,甲烷流体影响深度与SMTZ上界面一致,未能到达海底。     

Diet of Haplognathia ruberrima (Gnathostomulida) in a Caribbean marine mangrove

Haplognathia ruberrima is a cosmopolitan gnathostomulid species found in sulfur bacterial mats in mangroves in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Haplognathia ruberrima presents a δ¹³C value lower than all measured meiofaunal grazers and lower than the available measured food sources of this environment. This low δ¹³C value can not be due to specific ingestion of ¹³C‐depleted methanogenic bacteria because abundances of those bacteria are reduced in surficial and deep sediments as revealed by δ¹³C of bacterial fatty acid. According to scanning electron microscope observations, no bacterial ectosymbionts were observed at the surface of the gnathostomulids, and transmission electron microscope views revealed the absence of bacterial endosymbionts. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis detected low levels of sulfur (0.32%±0.8) in biological tissues of H. ruberrima, confirming the absence of thioautotrophic bacterial symbionts in these animals. Consequently, the low δ¹³C value of H. ruberrima can not be due to the presence of sulfur‐oxidizing symbionts but more probably to the selective and exclusive consumption of free‐living, sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria.     

清洗频率对固定床生物滤器水处理性能的影响

本实验基于一种新型的具有自洁功能的固定床生物滤器, 研究了不同的清洗频率: 0.5次/d (S1)、1次/d(S2)和2次/d(S3)对生物滤器的硝化性能、截污能力和硝酸盐氮积累的影响。研究表明: 清洗频率对生物滤器去除氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)没有显著影响(P > 0.05); 在第6~9 d对生物滤器内亚硝酸盐氮(NO₂^–-N)的浓度有显著影响(P < 0.05), 第11 d后均无显著影响(P > 0.05); 在整个实验过程中, S3处理组与S1、S2处理组相比总固体悬浮物(TSS)去除分别提高53.52%和19.01%, 化学需氧量(COD_Mn)去除分别提高57.94%和27.01%, 差异性显著(P < 0.05); 在硝酸盐氮(NO₃^–-N)积累方面, S3处理组积累最少, 在整个实验过程期间与S1、S2处理组相比分别降低16.04%和23.01%, 差异性显著(P < 0.05)。总体来说, 高清洗频率对生物滤器的硝化性能无显著影响, 但能使生物滤器截留的TSS快速排出系统, 从而减少系统内的水处理负荷和硝酸盐氮积累, 有利于系统的长期稳定运行。     

稳定同位素方法在海洋N_2O研究中应用展望

氧化亚氮(N2O)是大气中重要和微量的温室气体,且在平流层N2O形成NO自由基与O3发生反应破坏臭氧层.海洋是大气中N2O净源,但由于海洋中生物化学过程的复杂性,有关N2O形成机制至今是人们研究的重点和难点.应用稳定同位素分馏原理对海洋中N2O形成机制的研究,区分海洋中通过硝化和反硝化过程不同途径产生的N2O过程,为深入研究海洋中N2O循环、估算将来大气中N2O浓度变化提供有用工具.