本世纪以来国土资源利用的新进展

我国资源瓶颈、环境胁迫、生态退化加剧,倒逼国土资源利用转型升级,其核心在于资源利用创新。国土资源多样性包括多门类、多属性和多用性。重视土壤的含水性和含碳性。从多元视角分述本世纪调整国土资源结构、转变资源利用方式、统筹国土空间属性、利用境内外两种资源的初步认知和实践探索,在不同程度上有新的进展。优选资源利用升级的地方样板,通过省（区）、部联手互动,可望加速转型。     

Project management of mapping projects in developing countries in Africa

Abstract

Most projects which involve planning of rural areas and towns in developing countries require maps, but many of these countries do not have sufficient large-scale mapping suitable for this purpose, or maps which are up-to-date. With environmental-friendly projects becoming highly desirable, up-to-date and accurate maps are vital. As most large scale mapping projects require technical assistance, this paper discusses aid agreements with donor countries. These opportunities could be of benefit to private entrepreneurs. This paper also examines the project management approach for introducing mapping projects to developing countries. It makes special reference to a large mapping project in Zimbabwe in which the author was personally involved.     

TIMBER HARVESTING AND THE HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE OF REDWOOD CREEK,CALIFORNIA

Timber removal on publicand private land surrounding Redwood National Park exacerbates naturally high rates of erosion that are common to this region and alters hydrologic processes within the park boundaries. These alterations of the natural environment complicate the efforts of the National Park Service to preserve a remnant of the once extensive coastal redwood ecosystem in the park. A watershed model for Redwood Creek calibrated to pre-logging conditions is employed to define and quantify changes in the hydrologic response of the basin during the years when timber harvesting reduced significantly the acreage of redwoods. Analysis of modeled and observed runoff indicates that timber removal is related to increased runoff during wet months and wet years, but runoff is reduced during dry months and dry years. These alterations in the hydrologic system occur at the least beneficial time because they augment high flows, whereas low flows are depleted. Such changes in runoff contribute to magnified erosion and deposition problems and increased stress for the flora and fauna that reside in and along Redwood Creek. [Key words: Redwood National Park, hydrology, watershed model, timber harvesting.]     

考虑一阶系统参与组合的复模态分解反应谱法

对地震作用下结构反应的复模态分解反应谱法进行了研究,指出在复模态分解反应谱法中,具有实特征值的模态不必组成二阶振动系统,可按一阶线性系统参与模态组合,且一阶线性系统只需要一条反应谱。给出了相应的复模态完全平方组合(CCQC)系数计算公式,该公式包括了一阶系统响应的相关函数和一阶系统响应与二阶系统响应之间的相关函数。通过算例验证了方法的可行性。     

Reconstruction of eroded and deposited sediment volumes of the embanked River Waal,the Netherlands,for the period ad 1631–present

In the last few centuries humans have modified rivers, and rivers have responded with noticeable changes in sedimentary dynamics. The objective of this study is to assess these responses of the sedimentary dynamics. Therefore, we calculated a sediment budget for eroded and deposited sediment volumes in a ~12‐km long floodplain section of the largest semi‐natural embanked but still dynamic lower Rhine distributary, for ~50‐years time slices between ad 1631 and present. This is the period during which embanked floodplains were formed by downstream migration of meander bends between confining dykes. Our sediment budget involves a detailed reconstruction of vertical and lateral accretion rates and erosion rates of floodplain sediment. To do so, we developed a series of historical geomorphological maps, and lithogenetic cross‐sections. Based on the maps and cross‐sections, we divided the floodplain into building blocks representing channel bed and overbank sediment bodies. Chronostratigraphy within the blocks was estimated by interpretation of heavy metal profiles and from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results. Sediment budgets were hence calculated as a change of volume of each building block between time steps. The amount of lateral accretion initially increased, as a result of island and sand bar formation following embankment. From the eighteenth century onwards, there was a decrease of lateral processes in time, which is a result of straightening of the river by human activities, and a reduction of water and sediment supply due to the construction of a new upstream bifurcation. With straightening of the river, the floodplain area grew. Artificial fixation of the channel banks after ad 1872 prevented lateral activity. From then on, overbank deposition became the main process, leading to a continuous increase of floodplain elevation, and inherent decrease of flooding frequency and sediment accumulation rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

21世纪初几次大地震事件触发滑坡基础数据建设

自2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震发生以来,针对地震滑坡与光学遥感影像的特点,制定了地震滑坡编录新原则、遥感影像选取新原则及地震滑坡属性库建立原则。文中介绍了21世纪初4次大地震事件触发滑坡基础数据建设成果:包括2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震,此次地震触发了至少197 481处滑坡;2010年4月14日玉树MW6.9地震至少触发2 036处滑坡;2010年1月12日海地MW7.0地震至少触发30 828处滑坡;2007年4月21日智利艾森峡湾MW6.2地震至少触发1 000处滑坡。分析了地震触发滑坡基础数据建设成果与以往研究的不同。最后从地震滑坡基础数据建设成果对地震滑坡分布规律与危险性评价的影响,对震区滑坡与泥石流防灾减灾的意义,对地震震级、活动断层运动习性、地震烈度等的反馈,对震区河流与地貌演化研究的基础意义,对全球地震震级与触发滑坡关系研究的意义等几个方面,分析了地震滑坡基础数据建设的实际应用价值与科学研究意义。     

白音查干凹陷桑合地区早白垩世都红木组一段沉积演化及物源研究

桑合地区是白音查干凹陷的一个重要含油区.其基础地质研究比较薄弱.综合运用岩心和录测井资料,结合区域地质背景,对白音查干凹陷桑合地区都红木组一段的沉积相类型及其分布、演化特征进行了全面系统的研究.结果表明,研究区都一段主要发育扇三角洲、湖泊和滑塌浊积扇三种沉积相类型.平面上从凹陷边缘至中心、垂向上自下而上,沉积物粒度由粗变细,沉积相由扇三角洲相、滨浅湖相渐变为半深湖一深湖相.利用岩石组分和重矿物成分进行物源分析,认为桑合地区沉积物来自凹陷北部的巴音宝力格隆起,并具有多期次、阵发性、近物源的特点,母岩岩性主要为沉积岩,其次为岩浆岩,见少量变质岩.     

现代地图学的最新进展与新世纪的展望

本文第一部分国际地图学的最新进展,阐述了专题制图进一步拓宽领域并向纵深发展;计算机制图已广泛应用于各类地图生产,多媒体电子地图集与互联网地图集迅速推广;地图学-遥感-地理信息系统相结合已形成一体化的研究技术体系;计算机制图-电子出版生产一体化,从根本上改变了地图设计与生产的传统工艺;地图学新概念与新理论的不断探索。第二部分分析了中国地图学与地图事业近30年的发展与成就,论述了测绘部门完成了全国大比例尺地形图的测制,完成1:100万与1:25万数字地形图制作.在完成一大批专题地图的同时,广泛开展区域与部门的综合制图,编制出版了一大批不同类型的高水平综合地图集;遥感制图、计算机制图与地理信息系统已达到世界先进水平。第三部分是对中国地图学新世纪的展望:①抓住数字地球的机遇,创建地学信息图谱;②专题与综合制图进一步向纵深发展;③地图学、遥感制图与地理信息系统一体化,形成完整的研究技术体系与生产体系,发展地球信息科学;④为适应市场经济与社会发展的需要,应进一步扩大地图应用领域与范围,增加地图新品种;⑤加强地图学、遥感制图与地理信息系统基础理论及其应用原理与方法的研究。     

华北地区冬小麦叶片光合作用模型在农业干旱预测中的应用研究

在冬小麦抽穗—灌浆期进行了水分胁迫实验,利用美国Licor公司生产的Licor-188B辐射量子照度仪及Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,对水分胁迫引起的冬小麦光合生理生态变化进行了系统观测,系统地给出了冬小麦多种农业气象指标对水分胁迫的响应状况。在大量实测数据基础上,给出了包含辐射强度、温度及土壤水分因子的冬小麦叶片光合作用模式。该模式具有严格的理论推导过程和大量实验数据的支持,改进了传统水分胁迫对叶片光合速率影响的简单阶乘方法,从而为进一步准确推算水分胁迫对大田冬小麦光合作用的可能影响,以及水分胁迫对区域农业干旱的可能影响奠定了前提条件。该研究是冬小麦干旱预测模型的叶片子模型,为冬小麦农业干旱预测模型提供了丰富的基本参数,同时也为建立冬小麦干旱预测模型奠定了基本条件。     

Vereisung und Meeresspiegel

GLACIATION AND SEALEVEL — EARLY RESEARCH: Changes of sealevel positions depend on vertical crustal movements, different distributions of oceanic water masses and variations of ocean water volume. In spite of the fact that C. Maclaren explained the relations between the fluctuations of continental ice masses and ocean water volumes correctly in 1842, only two years after the classical paper of L. Agassiz, it took half a century to reach global agreement on the matter. Some examples of the different ways of research may illustrate the complex treatment of the problem, the fact that correct approaches were forgotten but wrong ideas were discussed for decades and the influence of geological authorities. However, some problems remain open even now, such as the exact dating of Pleistocene and Holocene sealevel fluctuations in different geological settings, or the influence of a changing geoid.