天然气——21世纪的能源

天然气是一种生态型能源或理想的城市能源。综述了世纪之交的全球天然气工业发展状况,包括储量的增长、输气管道的延长、液化天然气厂的发展和天然气利用技术的进步。介绍了有关国家的天然气利用法规和政策。预测了21世纪全世界天然气供需趋势。论述了为什么说天然气是21世纪的能源。指出了当前和未来全球天然气工业面临的挑战。     

面向21世纪的我国区域经济地理学科理论体系建设

通过分析影响我国区域经济地理学理论发展的因素,探讨了区域经济地理学科的研究对象,理论主线,主要分支理论以及学科理论框架等理论建设问题。文章提出劳动地域分工理论和经济地域运动理论同为学科理论基础;阐述了经济地域条件与要素的区别与联系;强调经济地域结构－功能研究与经济地域类型分析评价;在已有经济地域系统类型基础上提出地缘经济地域系统。在学科建设的原则中强调学科间交叉渗透与自主发展并重,指出本学科与区域     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century, climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C. More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China, North China and Northeast China, and the warming in winter is most significant. Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century, regional differences are very distinct. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, precipitation increased, while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased. Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO, PDO, and the others, but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, and land use. The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China’s climate change and its main causes, since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.     

From free good to commodity: Universalizing the provision of water in Paris (1830–1930)

This article focuses on the water distribution network in Paris, from the 1830s, when most Parisians got their water from public fountains and private wells, to the 1930s, by which time almost all of the capital’s inhabitants had been connected to the same network and enjoyed a standard service. It contributes, by a detailed analysis of the entire chain of mediators and mediation, to specify how the modern infrastructure ideal actually took form. In that aim, we analyze the manner in which each actor (public as well as private), in accordance with his/her constraints and resources, which depend on his/her position in the social space, was able to conceive of his/her environment, define objectives, confront problems, make choices and deploy a whole range of frequently innovative practices. In order to understand the underlying factors, our task consists in identifying the actors, modi operandi, progress and phases involved in universalizing water services. Spatially analyzing the extension of the water network, this article demonstrates that the process of universalization, far from being the inexorable and linear outcome of the action of a small number of “major historical forces”, was the upshot of the actions of a whole range of actors acting in specific different geographical, social, economic and technical contexts. The achievement of the “modern infrastructural ideal” as a macro-social phenomenon was ultimately down to a long accumulation process of a multitude of actions, interactions, conflicts and learning processes.     

中美地理学近百年发展脉络的比较研究——基于《地理学报》和Annals of the Association of American

基于《地理学报》和Annals of the Association of American Geographers学术论文的统计,对比近百年中美两国地理学的发展脉络,着重从总体特征、重点研究内容及其变化、理论—实践关系三方面对比异同,获得经验和借鉴。美国地理学经过初期发展、高速发展后,目前进入持续发展阶段;中国地理学在曲折中崛起,目前正处在高速发展时期。美国地理学中人文地理学一直居主导地位,中国则从重视自然地理开始逐渐向自然、人文、方法三足鼎立方向迈进;美国地理学家非常重视微观、中观实践,但在国家宏观决策中远没有中国地理学家发挥作用更直接。美国地理学研究水平高于中国,但这种差距正在缩小,研究方向的变化相差3~5年。世界地理研究中心有向亚太地区、向中国转移的可能,中国地理学家要勇于创建具有中国特色的地理学派。     

Terminus recession,proglacial lake expansion and 21st century calving retreat of Tasman Glacier,New Zealand

The Tasman Glacier is the largest glacier in New Zealand. Although 20th century warming caused down-wastage, it remained at its Little Ice Age terminus until the late 20th century. Since then, rapid calving retreat (U_r) has occurred, allowing a large (5.96 × 10⁶ m²) proglacial lake to form (maximum depth ∼240 m). From sequential satellite image analysis and echo sounding of Tasman Lake, we document (U_r) from 2000 to 2008. U_r varies temporally, with mean U_r of 54 m/a from 2000 to 2006 and a mean U_r of 144 m/a from 2007 to 2008. Consistent with global data sets, calving rate appears closely associated with lake depth at the calving terminus.     

人类活动引起的我国西北地区21世纪温度和降水变化情景分析

使用IPCCWG1第三次科学评估报告中给出的7个全球气候系统模式的模拟预测结果,分析了人类活动对中国西北地区气候变化的影响.模拟结果表明,由于温室气体增加(GG)或温室气体与硫化物气溶胶(GS)增加,21世纪西北地区气温将可能平均变暖42～60℃·100a^-1.降水的变化较为复杂,由于温室气体的影响,未来西北地区降水将增加;考虑温室气体和硫化物气溶胶的共同影响,则略有增加.模式平均结果表明,未来西北地区降水将可能增加15～39mm·100a^-1.     

松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组—嫩江组一段介形类壳饰､壳形类型与环境关系分析

本文在对松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组—嫩江组一段介形类壳饰?壳形类型划分的基础上,对研究层位12 种壳饰类型与9 种壳形类型的介形类可能生活的环境及其变化特征进行了探讨?研究表明,松辽盆地晚白垩世刺状壳饰的介形类生活的最佳环境为深湖—半深湖相环境;瘤状壳饰的介形类适宜生活于水质清?矿化度较高?pH值也较高的浅湖—半深湖相环境;深蜂孔?饰边?长瘤或隆脊壳饰的介形类生活于深湖—半深湖相环境;浅蜂孔?网状?细纹?细脊壳饰的介形类主要生活于滨浅湖相环境?三角形?长方形壳形的介形类生活于深湖—半深湖相环境;低梯形?五边形壳形的介形类部分种类生活的环境为深湖相环境,另外一些种类生活于半深湖—浅湖相环境;高梯形壳形的介形类一般适宜的环境为浅湖相环境;椭圆形壳形的介形类基本生活于滨浅湖相环境;肾形壳形的介形类一般生活于浅湖—半深湖相环境?青山口组一段的介形类群以适应深湖—半深湖相的具饰边壳饰?低五边形壳形的介形类为主;青山口组二?三段介形类的壳饰与壳形类型虽然丰富多样,但与湖泊沉积环境变化也具有很好的对应关系;姚家组介形类的壳饰均以适应浅水相环境的浅蜂孔?细脊壳饰为主,壳形以椭圆形占绝对优势为特征,后期随着湖泊水深增大,出现了少量反映较深水相环境的深蜂孔壳饰与三角形和长方形壳形类型;嫩江组一段介形类的壳饰类型较少,以深蜂孔与浅蜂孔类型为主,壳形类型相对较多,椭圆形?长肾形?长方形?三角形?低梯形类型均有一定含量?     

苏北盆地白驹凹陷泰州组一段沉积物源分析

物源问题的研究对于了解和确定研究区有利沉积相带及储集砂体的分布、寻找有利油气储集层具有重要意义。研究区白驹凹陷勘探程度相对较低,前人关于目的层段泰一段沉积期的物源方向的研究成果很少。运用地层倾角测井资料、重矿物资料及岩心资料的综合研究,对研究区的沉积物源方向进行了判断。综合分析得出泰一段沉积时期洋心次凹的物源来自北西部建湖隆起。