Cartographic Style in the First Urban Maps of Cadiz,Spain: A Technique in Transition

This article deals with the cartometric analysis of various seventeenth-century urban maps of the city of Cadiz (Spain), from among which the so-called Vista Arámburu and the map belonging to the atlas of the Marquis of Heliche, discovered in the Krigsarkivet (Military Archive) of Stockholm, stand out for their uniqueness. These hitherto relatively unknown documents present evidence of an evolution of cartographic style towards greater topographic accuracy and hence cannot just be considered as simple drawings. In this seventeenth-century period of transition, the cartography of the city evolved from sixteenth-century aerial-view perspectives to the exhaustive planimetric maps of the eighteenth century, made by Spanish and French Military Corps of Engineers. These documents hold great historical value, not only due to the importance of Cadiz during the Modern Age but also because these maps constitute a graphic testimony of the fortification and growth of the city in this period.     

东海陆架表层沉积物粘土矿物组成分布特征及来源

依照Stokes定律,由256个东海陆架表层沉积物样品中提取了2μm粒级组分、制成定向片,通过X-射线衍射(XRD)分析以及Biscaye(1965)方法计算了蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石四种矿物的相对含量。结果显示,东海陆架区表层沉积物粘土矿物相对含量由高到低组成为伊利石(平均65.4%)、绿泥石(平均14.4%)、蒙皂石(平均13.3%)和高岭石(平均6.9%);东海陆架表层沉积物中高岭石含量有向海减小的趋势;陆架区东北部和中南部的伊利石含量较低、蒙皂石含量较高,东南部的伊利石和蒙皂石含量分布与其相反;绿泥石在研究区东部和东北部含量较低。聚类分析显示,东海陆架2μm粒级沉积物可分为"类长江"与"类黄河"两种类型。类长江细颗粒沉积物主要分布在东海陆架中西部地区;类黄河沉积物在研究区东北部、东部和南部的部分区域分布。东北部的类黄河沉积物可能来自黄河或废黄河口,而南部和东部的细颗粒沉积物可能是晚更新世冰期干冷气候下形成的产物与现代河流入海细颗粒的混合物。     

广西近百年气温和降水序列的多时间尺度分析

对广西近百年平均气温及降水量变化进行了多时间尺度的层次结构研究,并与Nino3区的海温距平进行奇异交叉谱分析。结果表明：平均气温有较强上升趋势并伴有明显的准两年周期振荡;降水则呈下降趋势,主要周期为32 a左右及准两年振荡。1884至1910年代初,广西处于干冷期;1910年代初至1930年前后,处于湿冷期;1930年前后至1950年代后期,处于湿暖期;1950年代后期至1990年代前期,处于干暖期。ENSO事件3~7 a的周期对广西平均气温及降水影响显著,赤道太平洋海温变化对广西气温的影响主要表现在年代际变化上,对降水的影响主要体现在年际变化上。     

20世纪上半叶西辽河流域巴林左旗聚落空间演变特征分析

从1918年放垦,巴林左旗经历了近百年的聚落兴建与农业开垦历程,以20世纪30年代初为转折点,此前聚落分布以空间扩展为主,以后转为密度增加,在聚落空间分布形式变化的同时,聚落高程也表现出从400～600m高程区这一自然条件具有优势的区域向其它高程扩展.在人口的推动下,巴林左旗聚落空间演变与环境选择经历了由疏至密、由优至劣的过程,并随着农业发展,农田扩展与资源的有限性构成了人地关系的矛盾焦点.     

21世纪初中国土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动力

Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science (LCS) in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the "Grain for Green" policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of "Western Development", "Revitalization of Northeast", coupled with rapidly economic development during this period.     

Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century

Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science (LCS) in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the “Grain for Green” policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of “Western Development”, “Revitalization of Northeast”, coupled with rapidly economic development during this period.     

20 世纪美国城市体系的演变及其对中国的启示

在快速城市化过程中,在规模不等的城市中城市人口将如何分布？这是制订中国社会经济发展战略必须考虑的一个重大基础问题。美国是世界上最大的发达经济体,城市体系成熟,100 年前的城市化水平和中国现在相当。研究20 世纪美国城市体系的演化特征,对中国会有所启发。采用美国人口普查数据,运用位序-规模法则等方法,分析了美国城市系统的演变过程。结果显示：在20 世纪前70 年美国城市化处于加速发展的中期阶段,大城市的人口增长明显快于中小城市,城市体系向非均衡化方向发展;20 世纪后30 年,美国城市化进入了稳定发展的后期阶段。与美国不同的是,处于城市化加速发展中期阶段的中国(1985-2000 年),小城市人口增长较快,城市体系趋于均衡。研究认为：未来我国大城市的人口集聚有较大潜力。     

气体水合物未来的能源

由水分子和甲烷等天然气体组成的笼形包合物气体水合物,是一种冰雪状的白色结晶物质,是新近发现的一种能源矿产,产出于大洋底的水下沉积物和陆上极地冻土带中。气体水合物是一种高密度的能源矿产,储量巨大,各大洋中都有,被称为２１世纪的能源,倍受各国政府和学者们的重视。     

松辽盆地东南隆起区JFD1井上白垩统青山口组一段油页岩品质特征

本文以松辽盆地东南隆起区JFD1井为研究基础,通过岩心观察、样品测试等方法对上白垩统青山口组一段油页岩进行评价。研究分析表明:JFD1井青山口组一段共发育4层油页岩,最低含油率为3.5%,较高含油率为9.2%,个别样品含油率高达11%,整体为中-低品质油页岩,单层最大厚度可达7.4 m,累计厚度为20 m,全硫含量范围0.85%~1.93%,平均值为1.18%,属于特低硫-低硫油页岩。油页岩段含油率与小体积质量、灰分、挥发分显示一定的负相关性,与总有机碳含量TOC呈现明显的正相关性,可以作为油页岩评价的替代指标。对青山口组一段的测井曲线分析显示,油页岩段较非油页岩段具有明显的高自然伽马、高电阻率、高声波时差和低密度的特点,可以作为间接识别油页岩的参考手段。     

济阳坳陷沾化凹陷沙一下亚段优质烃源岩成因分析

沾化凹陷发育沙四上亚段、沙三下亚段和沙一下亚段3套烃源岩,前人对沙一下亚段烃源岩未进行深入研究。本文利用有机地球化学方法对沾化凹陷沙一下亚段烃源岩品质进行分析,研究表明沙一下亚段烃源岩有机质丰度高、干酪根类型以Ⅰ型为主,为优质烃源岩;烃源岩沉积中心位于渤南洼陷,但孤南洼陷烃源岩品质最好。孤北洼陷和孤南洼陷的部分烃源岩达到大量排烃阶段,所以勘探开发研究应重视来自沙一下亚段烃源岩的贡献。沉积环境分析表明,沙一下亚段沉积期沾化凹陷构造沉降速率较小,气候为北亚热带至暖温带中等偏干旱气候,均不支持形成优质烃源岩。沙一下亚段高品质烃源岩的形成的主要原因是高盐度导致湖泊的高生产力和良好的水体分层。湖盆高盐度是由于鲁佩期的海侵导致,海侵沿孤南洼陷—孤北洼陷—渤南洼陷的方向推进,导致孤南洼陷虽然不是沉积、沉降中心,但烃源岩品质最好。