Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a convergent boundary: SKS waveform modeling in central Tibet

This study used SKS waveforms from the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH) III dataset and a new 2D method for modeling seismic waves in anisotropic media to construct an image of anisotropic structures beneath central Tibet. A preferred model revealed three-segment anisotropic structures in the upper mantle beneath the study region. Waveform modeling demonstrated that the anisotropy was mainly generated by the lithosphere but not the asthenosphere, and that an anisotropic model with a flatter axis of symmetry provides a more consistent interpretation of the observations than models having steeply dipping symmetry axes. A relatively low velocity zone may underlie or intermingle with the anisotropic structures in the northern portion of the region. Synthetic tests also indicate that variations in the elastic constants and depth extent of the anisotropy assumed by the calculations do not affect the general conclusions, although trade-offs exist among certain model parameters. The modeling results suggest that the complex seismic structures in central Tibet were associated with underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Asian lithosphere; the inferred flat symmetry axis of the anisotropy was likely generated during this collision process. If this were not the case, the inherited anisotropy would exhibit a steeply dipping axis of symmetry, parallel to the direction of underthrusting.     

COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENT FIELD OF THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DERIVED FROM STRONG MOTION RECORDS AND APPLICATION IN SLIP INVERSION

The development of high-rate GNSS seismology and seismic observation methods has provided technical support for acquiring the near-field real-time displacement time series during earthquake. But in practice, the limited number of GNSS continuous stations hardly meets the requirement of near-field quasi-real-time coseismic displacement observation, while the macroseismographs could be an important complement. Compared with high-rate GNSS, macroseismograph has better sensitivity, higher resolution(100~200Hz)and larger dynamic range, and the most importantly, lower cost. However, baseline drift exists in strong-motion data, which limits its widespread use. This paper aims to prove the feasibility and reliability of strong motion data in acquiring seismic displacement sequences, as a supplement to high-rate GNSS. In this study, we have analyzed the strong-motion data of Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake in Longmenshan fault zone, based on the automatic scheme for empirical baseline correction proposed by Wang et al., which fits the uncorrected displacement by polynomial to obtain the fitting parameters, and then the baseline correction is completed in the velocity sequence. Through correction processing and quadratic integration, the static coseismic displacement field and displacement time series are obtained. Comparison of the displacement time series from the strong motions with the result of high-rate GPS shows a good coincidence. We have worked out the coseismic displacement field in the large area of Wenchuan earthquake using GPS data and strong motion data. The coseismic displacement fields calculated from GPS and strong motions are consistent with each other in terms of magnitude, direction and distribution patterns. High-precision coseismic deformation can provide better data constraint for fault slip inversion. To verify the influence of strong-motion data on slip distribution in Wenchuan earthquake, we used strong motion, GPS and InSAR data to estimate the stress drop, moment magnitude and coseismic slip model, and our results agreed with those of the previous studies. In addition, the inversion results of different data are different and complementary to some extent. The use of strong-motion data supplements the slip of the fault in the 180km segment and the 270~300km segment, thus making the inversion results of fault slip more comprehensive. From this result, we can draw the following conclusions:1)Based on the robust baseline correction method, the use of strong motion data, as an important complement to high-rate GNSS, can obtain reliable surface displacement after the earthquake. 2)The strong motion data provide an effective method to study the coseismic displacement sequence, the surface rupture process and quick seismogenic parameters acquisition. 3)The combination of multiple data can significantly improve the data coverage and give play to the advantages of different data. Therefore, it is suggested to combine multiple data(GPS, strong motion, InSAR, etc.)for joint inversion to improve the stability of fault slip model.     

利用强震记录校正的芦山7.0级地震峰值加速度震动图

运用考虑场地效应的震动图快速生成方法,综合考虑震中地区地质构造背景、震源机制解结果及中国西部地区地震动参数衰减特征,估计了2013年4月20日芦山7.0级地震加速度分布图.利用地震后获得的强震记录计算了强震台站观测值与借助经验性衰减关系估计值之间的系统偏差,进一步修正了峰值加速度分布图.结果显示,由于芦山地震属于高角度逆冲型地震,加大了震区的震动程度,特别是震中附近30km范围内震动程度比校正前的结果更高.     

EGNOS数据处理模型与实例

主要分析研究了EGNOS系统测试采用的误差修正模型和定位保护精度算法,并通过比较一次实测静态数据单点解算和差分解算的不同效果来说明误差模型的修正效果和保护精度算法的有效性。事实证明EGNOS系统数据处理采用的误差修正模型效果是明显的,采用的定位保护精度算法是有效的。     

二维各向同性介质P波和S波分离方法研究

通过对波场矢量计算散度与旋度可将P波和S波进行分离,这种方法是波场传播与计算散度和旋度进行波场分离两部分的结合.基于二维各向同性介质速度模型,首先使用弹性波动方程对速度模型进行波场传播模拟;然后在地表接收多分量记录的同时计算散度代表P波、计算旋度代表S波,由于计算散度和旋度包括对空间各分量求导,这就导致了π/2的相位移,使用Fourier变换在频率域对记录进行-π/2的相位校正,就分别获得P波和S波的波场记录.通过对二维模型试算,并分析结果可知,采用计算散度和旋度进行波场分离是一种有效的方法.     

Delineation of coalfield surface fires by thresholding Landsat TM-7 day-time image data

Surface fires are common in coalfields where coal is mined or exposed to sunlight for long durations of time. The heat energy emitted from these fires affects the signal recorded by sensors operating in the shortwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Landsat TM/ETM+ band-7 is sensitive to solar reflected radiation as well as emitted radiation from a target. The ‘maximum solar reflection threshold’ method proposed in this study uses the highest spectral radiance that can be attributed to solar reflection as the conservative threshold to segregate the pixels with emitted component from those with reflected component of the EM energy. Investigations with Landsat TM/ETM+ data indicate a reflectance value of 0.23–0.25 as the most representative highest reflectance (threshold) in coal mining areas. The method apparently has the advantage that it is based on the reflectance characteristics of materials (sandstone-shale mixtures) typically found in coal mining areas.     

结合毫米波雷达提取降水条件下风廓线雷达大气垂直速度的研究

风廓线雷达主要是利用大气湍流对电磁波的散射作用,在晴空条件下对大气风场等进行探测。在降水天气下,风廓线雷达能同时接收到大气湍流回波和雨滴的散射回波信号,其探测到的回波功率谱中降水信号谱和大气湍流信号谱叠加在一起,使得大气的运动被雨滴的运动信息所掩盖,给后续的大气风场反演带来误差。而毫米波云雷达在降水天气下仅能探测到云雨粒子的回波而无法探测到大气湍流回波,基于这一差异结合毫米波云雷达资料对风廓线雷达功率谱数据进行订正,剔除其中的降水回波信息,进而获取正确的大气运动垂直速度。通过一次典型弱降水天气过程的雷达资料对该方法进行了可行性验证,并将计算得出的大气垂直速度与传统双峰法提取的大气运动垂直速度及原始风廓线雷达垂直速度进行了对比分析,显示在弱降水天气下该方法能有效消除降水对风廓线雷达垂直速度测量的影响,提高弱降水天气下测速准确率,并且在湍流谱极其微弱的情况下该方法也能准确地获取到大气运动垂直速度信息。但是云雷达回波在降水时会有衰减,虽然是弱降水也会导致在高层距离库上的订正效果变差,故目前只适用于弱降水时低距库处的降水订正。      

Evolution mechanism of the western Pacific subtropical high

Ever since Charney et al.[1] studied the multiple equilibrium states in atmosphere with highly truncated spectral method in 1979, many Chinese researchers, such as Li Maicun et al. (1983)[2], Liu Chongjian et al. (1983)[3], Miu Jinhai et al. (1985)[4] and…     

柴达木盆地南缘玛兴大湾地区典型岩浆岩岩性识别研究

本文运用ASTER多光谱遥感数据识别柴达木南缘玛兴大湾地区典型岩浆岩的岩性信息,分别采用光谱分析法和最小噪声变换法进行试验,可有效地识别与提取出研究区内的典型岩浆岩岩性信息;经已知地质资料和野外查证资料分析证明,用上述方法提取岩性信息的结果可靠,能为岩性填图及矿床勘查工作提供参考。     

高分影像砂质海岸线精细提取及校正方法

通过遥感影像稳定获取大范围、连续性海岸线数据,是开展海岸带研究的重要手段之一。针对传统边缘检测算法处理高分辨率遥感影像存在的噪声敏感性、阈值不稳定性等问题,引入一种强鲁棒性的结构森林边缘检测（Strected Forests Edge Detection, SE）算法,对海口市西海岸砂质岸线进行识别,并提出基于Bruun-Dean平衡剖面模式建立拟合剖面模型的潮位校正新方法,结合实测数据对提取结果进行了精度评估和误差分析,最终提取得到了精细海岸线数据。研究表明,SE算法检测所得水边线结果清晰细腻,对比Roberts算子、Canny算子、LoG算子等传统边缘检测算子法更加精准高效,适用于高分遥感影像海岸线提取研究;针对砂质岸线的潮位校正,基于RTK实测剖面数据和拟合剖面模式建立的拟合剖面模型,克服了传统线性模型误差较大的问题,提升了海岸线校正的精度和可行性;基于实测岸线,使用断面法对结果进行定量分析,验证所得提取岸线定位精度优于2.5 m。