A comparison of stream bank erosion processes on forested and moorland streams in the Balquhidder Catchments,central Scotland

Stream bank erosion rates measured over a two-year period on a moorland and a forested stream in the Institute of Hydrology's Balquhidder Paired Catchments in central Scotland were compared. Bank erosion rates are generally higher on the mainstream of the moorland catchment and highest in wintger on both streams. Bank erosion is correlated with the incidence of frost: minimum temperatures measured on stream banks of the forested stream were an average of 3·7°C higher than on stream banks both outside the forest and on the moorland stream. This makes the incidence of frost on forested stream banks half as frequent. Volumes of material eroded from the mainstreams were combined with bulk density measurements and it is estimated that erosion of the mainstream banks is contributing 1·5 and 7·3 per cent of the sediment yield of the forested and moorland catchments, respectively. Analysis of the vertical distribution of erosion on the banks of both streams suggests an undercutting mechanism which is more pronounced in the moorland stream. The influence of trees on bank erosion and possible implications for the management of forest streams are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations

Conventional methods of designing earth structures are based on pseudo-static stability analysis employing a horizontal seismic coefficient. This paper discusses the stability and permanent displacement of a slope subject to combined horizontal and vertical accelerations. A log-spiral failure mechanism is used. It is shown that seismic force has a significant effect on stability and permanent displacement of slopes. The parametric study reveals that vertical acceleration may play an important role on stability and permanent displacement if the corresponding horizontal acceleration is large. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

复合片钻头钻进规程参数的试验研究

操作规程是决定一种钻进方法成功与否的三大因素之一。本文通过对两种具有代表性的中硬岩石（细砂岩和石灰岩）进行实尺寸钻进试验,探讨和揭示了新型钻岩工具复合片钻头（Polycrystalline-diamond-compact bits）钻进工艺规程与各项参数的相互关系和变化规律,从碎岩比功的角度为合理选择工艺规程提供了依据。     

颗粒形状对粗粒土孔隙特征和渗透性的影响

粗粒土的颗粒级配、形状和密实度都是影响其孔隙结构,进而影响其渗透特性的重要因素。但长期以来,对颗粒形状影响的关注度较少,其主要原因在于不容易定量描述颗粒形状及其影响的孔隙结构特征。选取已获取长宽比和圆形度的不规则形状碎石、规则形状的球和八面体颗粒分别装填试样,针对颗粒级配和颗粒形状的差异,开展孔隙结构特征和渗透性的对比研究。通过CT扫描试样内部结构图像,重构试样的三维孔隙结构并计算孔隙比表面积。通过渗透试验测得试样的渗透系数。结果表明：试样孔隙比表面积是表达孔隙结构特征的有效参数,在相同级配和孔隙率的条件下,试样孔隙比表面积随颗粒圆形度和趋近球形程度的增加而减小;相同级配和孔隙率的条件下,渗透系数随孔隙比表面积的减小而增大,随颗粒圆形度增大而增大;球形颗粒试样的渗透性最强,试样颗粒越偏离球形,孔隙系统中水流阻力越大,试样渗透性越弱。     

高易溶盐非饱和伊犁原状黄土的临界状态特性

为探究伊犁地区高易溶盐含量黄土的临界状态特性,针对不同易溶盐含量的非饱和伊犁原状黄土,开展了控制吸力和净围压的三轴固结剪切试验。研究结果表明：在常吸力固结剪切条件下,非饱和伊犁原状黄土的强度随含盐量的增加存在峰值;含盐量一定,不同吸力非饱和土的q-p或e-p临界状态线均为平行直线,q- 临界状态线可归一为饱和土临界状态线表示的一条直线,其斜率随含盐量的增加呈幂函数降低;非饱和土e-p临界状态线的斜率 大于饱和土的斜率 ,两者均随含盐量的增加先减后增,相同有效净平均应力下非饱和土和饱和土的临界状态孔隙比之比 与气体饱和度1- 可以归一化;q-p平面上初始屈服曲线和后继屈服曲线均可近似假定为对称于 线的椭圆,吸力和应力对屈服曲线的硬化作用是等向的。     

酸雨水化学损伤加剧粉砂质泥岩崩解机制研究

酸雨区泥质岩崩解相对于非酸雨区显著增强,但其机制尚有待进一步研究。以酸雨条件下水化学损伤的形成及其发展特性入手,选取典型酸雨区攀枝花市机场滑坡粉砂质泥岩,进行不同pH值条件下（pH=7、5、3）的耐崩解性试验。通过测定试验后崩解液离子成分变化、观察酸雨作用前后粉砂质泥岩薄片镜下特征、分析试样崩解破坏模式,探究酸雨水化学损伤加剧粉砂质泥岩崩解的细观机制;引入比表面积增量指标表征崩解残留物破碎程度,定量评价酸雨水化学损伤对粉砂质泥岩崩解的加剧效果。研究结果认为,粉砂质泥岩酸雨水化学损伤主要源于特定矿物的溶蚀,为其崩解劣化提供额外路径;随着崩解液pH值降低,粉砂质泥岩水化学损伤增强,崩解路径增多,崩解破坏模式发生转化,崩解残留物愈发破碎;采用比表面积增量指标可良好反映崩解残留物的破碎程度,崩解残留物愈破碎,比表面积增量指标值越大,粉砂质泥岩崩解程度越高。结论可为酸雨地区岩土体工程性质评价及加固设计提供理论参考。     

Flash-flood and bedload dynamics of desert gravel-bed streams

Comparatively little is known about the hydrology of desert flash-floods despite the extent of the world's drylands. There is even less known about their sedimentary behaviour and particularly about the movement of coarse material as bedload. The results of an intense field monitoring programme carried out on an ephemeral gravel-bed stream in the northern Negev Desert are presented. In this semi-arid setting, flow duration analysis indicates that the channel is hydrologically active for 2% of the time, or about seven days per year, and that overbank flow can be expected for only 0·03% of the time—about three hours per year. Multipeaked flood hydrographs are the norm, reflecting many factors including the arrival of separate slugs of discharge from contributing subcatchments. The passage of the initial flood bore is surprisingly slow, but the rising limb of the flood hydrograph is rapid with a median time of rise of 10 minutes, in keeping with expected flash-flood behaviour. Bedload flux is high, averaging 2·67 kg s⁻¹ m⁻¹ during the period that the channel carries flow. This gives very high bedload sediment yield despite the infrequent and short duration of flood flows and matches the high yield of suspended sediment. The relationship between bedload flux and boundary shear stress is simple, in contrast with perennial gravel-bed streams, and the exponent of the log–log relationship is 1·52. Of great value is that the behaviour of the Nahal Eshtemoa corroborates a pattern established by the authors previously in a smaller tributary stream. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stress–strain model for clays with anisotropic void ratio distribution

The porosity of soils is considered to be a directional measure and its distribution is characterized by a functional form. This form has been used to extend the critical state soil mechanics framework to include the effects of structure in soils. A new internal plastic energy dissipation formulation has been proposed to account for fabric arrangement. New expressions for the yield locus, and the plastic stress–strain response of structural soils have been derived. The applicability of the concepts to model the plastic stress–strain behaviour of a number of soils is illustrated. The advantage of the new model is very well identified in modelling the stress–strain behaviour of K₀ consolidated and natural clays. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

特定洪水过程研究

提出特定洪水过程的新概念及其内涵,论述了工程防洪标准的形式意涵和实质意涵,引出特定洪水过程与防洪标准之间的联系——洪水过程形式频率新概念。阐述特定洪水过程的三种蜕变类型及其推求方法。指出当前推求特定洪水过程的同倍比和同频率法优缺点,最后简述了新推求方法的基本思路。