川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组紫红色白云岩成因初探

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组是新发现的重要天然气产层。在青川何家梁以及葛底坝等地区,泥盆系观雾山组存在一种特殊紫红色调的白云岩,目前对该白云岩成因及形成环境的研究较为薄弱。本次研究采用宏观与微观、矿物学与地球化学相结合的方式对该白云岩进行了系统分析。该类白云岩呈紫红、肉红等色调,单层厚度3~50cm,显微镜下岩石本身呈晶粒结构。对其成因初步分析认为：白云岩中的紫红色、肉红色是一种次生色,是铁元素富集后被氧化的颜色;白云岩存在暴露、岩溶、垮塌现象,指示其形成于古地貌相对较高的局限蒸发环境;只有白云石核心变色,说明其形成时间较早,应为准同生期在相对局限的环境下,颗粒被富含铁元素的水体浸泡侵染所致,随后颗粒外继续形成白云石胶结物将其包裹。紫红色白云岩相对发育的地层往往白云岩的储层厚度大,物性好,岩溶现象发育,储集空间类型多样,是该地区油气勘探的一种重要指示标志。     

四川盆地龙岗气田三叠系飞仙关组储集层特征及成因机理*

根据岩心、岩石铸体薄片、岩石物性分析化验资料并结合测井资料,对四川盆地龙岗气田三叠系飞仙关组碳酸盐岩储集层特征进行了研究。结果表明,研究区飞仙关组孔隙较发育、物性较好、能作为优质储集层的基本上都是白云岩类,尤其是鲕粒白云岩。初步认为这类鲕粒白云岩的形成主要与早期白云化作用（可能为混合水白云化）有关。结合区域地质背景,认为飞仙关期相对海平面呈振荡下降,其对早期白云化有重要控制作用,并在垂向上形成飞三1、飞二1两个白云化旋回,而优质储集层主要发育于这两个旋回中。     

Reactivity of dolomitizing fluids and Mg source evaluation of fault-controlled dolomitization at the Benicàssim outcrop analogue (Maestrat basin,E Spain)

The mechanisms responsible for the formation of huge volumes of dolomitized rocks associated with faults are not well understood. We present a case study for high-temperature dolomitization of an Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) ramp in Benicàssim (Maestrat basin, E Spain). In this area, seismic-scale fault-controlled stratabound dolostone bodies extend over several kilometres away from large-scale faults. This work aims at evaluating different Mg sources for dolomitization, estimating the reactivity of dolomitizing fluids at variable temperature and quantifying the required versus available fluid volumes to account for the Benicàssim dolostones. Field relationships, stable ¹³C and ¹⁸O isotopes, as well as radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopes, indicate that dolomitization at Benicàssim was produced by a high-temperature fluid (>80 °C). ¹³C and ¹⁸O isotopic compositions for dolomite vary from +0.5 to +2.9‰ V-PDB and from +21.1 to +24.3 V-SMOW, respectively. A Mg source analysis reveals that the most likely dolomitizing fluid was seawater-derived brine that interacted with underlying Triassic red beds and the Paleozoic basement. Geochemical models suggest that evolved seawater can be considerably more reactive than high-salinity brines, and the maximum reactivity occurs at about 100 °C. Mass-balance calculations indicate that interstitial fluids with high pressure and/or high temperature relative to the normal geothermal gradient cannot account for the volume of dolomite at Benicàssim. Instead a pervasive fluid circulation mechanism, like thermal convection, is required to provide a sufficient volume of dolomitizing fluid, which most likely occurred during the Late Cretaceous post-rift stage of the Maestrat basin. This study illustrates the importance of fluid budget quantification to critically evaluate genetic models for dolomitization and other diagenetic processes.     

准噶尔盆地乌夏地区二叠系风城组云质岩类成因研究

准噶尔盆地乌夏地区风城组发育的云质岩类是一套特殊成因的、重要的油气储层。岩石学、扫描电镜能谱和稳定同 位素分析表明,发生白云岩化作用的母岩是火山凝灰物质,白云岩化的流体来自风城组干旱气候条件下形成的咸化滨浅湖 卤水以及下伏佳木河组和石炭系残留的富镁海水。凝灰岩中富含大量的斜长石,其中的富钙长石在二氧化碳参与下水解蚀变, 沉淀方解石（即方解石化）。后期富镁卤水渗滤早期形成的方解石,成岩交代形成白云岩。富镁流体运移受火山喷发产生的 热流驱动,产生热对流环。同时,乌夏断裂同生逆掩活动加快深层富镁流体上侵,并使流体在层间快速渗透、流动。构造 作用产生的裂缝或断裂对白云岩的形成及优质储层分布起到决定性控制作用。     

回流渗透模式白云岩研究历史与进展*

回流渗透白云岩化是一类重要的白云岩化模式,其应用广泛,成岩储集性良好,具有重要的研究意义。近年来,国内外对回流渗透模式白云岩的研究不断深入,取得了许多新的进展。作者从回流渗透模式的研究历史出发,详细讨论了其发展和应用现状,总结了该模式下白云岩的Mg来源、水文模式和沉积岩石学特征,并着重讨论了中等盐度下的回流渗透白云岩化等新的研究和应用,指出大规模的回流渗透白云岩化作用可在中等盐度的条件下形成,其强度往往受控于海平面变化。     

渤海湾盆地塘沽地区古近系沙河街组湖相白云岩特征及成因*

渤海湾盆地塘沽地区古近系沙河街组三段沉积早期为半封闭的湖湾沉积环境,底部发育一套白云岩储集层,其产出受区域内北东向古潜山基底断裂控制,沿古潜山两侧发育,分布面积较大,累计厚度可达100多米。系统的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征研究表明,该套白云岩常与泥岩互层产出,白云石主要为铁白云石和含铁白云石,普通显微镜下呈微晶状,扫描电镜下可见菱面体状晶型;X射线衍射分析表明其形成于准同生期,是快速结晶的产物;碳氧同位素分析及稀土元素分析显示,这类微晶白云岩形成于较为封闭的高盐度蒸发环境中,具统一的流体来源和相同成因机理。基于上述研究成果,认为塘沽地区沙河街组三段微晶白云岩的形成主要经历了准同生期回流渗透作用和成岩期埋藏环境下类质同象交代作用两个阶段。     

The porosity origin of dolostone reservoirs in the Tarim,Sichuan and Ordos basins and its implication to reservoir prediction

Origin of dolostone remained a controversial subject, although numerous dolomitization models had been proposed to date. Because of the dolomitization’s potential to be hydrocarbon reservoirs, one debatable issue was the role of dolomitization in porosity construction or destruction. Based upon case studies of dolostone reservoirs in various geological settings such as evaporative tidal flat (Ordos Basin, NW China), evaporative platform (Sichuan Basin, SW China), and burial and hydrothermal diagenesis (Tarim Basin, NW China), here we systematically discuss the origin of porosity in dolostone reservoirs. Contrary to traditional concepts, which regarded dolomitization as a significant mechanism for porosity creation, we found two dominant factors controlling reservoir development in dolostones, i.e., porosity inherited from precursor carbonates and porosity resulted from post-dolomitization dissolution. Actually, dolomitization rarely had a notable effect on porosity creation but rather in many cases destroyed pre-existing porosity such as saddle dolostone precipitation in vugs and fractures. Porosity in dolostones associated with evaporative tidal flat or evaporative platform was generally created by subaerial dissolution of evaporites and/or undolomitized components. Porosity in burial dolostones was inherited mostly from precursor carbonates, which could be enlarged due to subsequent dissolution. Intercrystalline porosity in hydrothermal dolostones was either formed during dolo- mitization or inherited from precursor carbonates, whereas dissolution-enlarged intercrystalline pores and/or vugs were usually interpreted to be the result of hydrothermal alteration. These understandings on dolostone porosity shed light on reservoir prediction. Dolostone reservoirs associated with evaporative tidal flat were laterally distributed as banded or quasi-stratified shapes in evaporite-bearing dolostones, and vertically presented as multi-interval patterns on tops of shallowing-upward cycles. Dolostone reservoirs associated with evaporative platform commonly occurred along epiplatforms or beneath evaporite beds, and vertically presented as multi-interval patterns in dolostones and/or evaporite-bearing dolostones of reef/shoal facies. Constrained by primary sedimentary facies, burial dolostone reservoirs were distributed in dolomitized, porous sediments of reef/shoal facies, and occurred vertically as multi-interval patterns in crystalline dolostones on tops of shallowing-upward cycles. Hydrothermal dolomitization was obviously controlled by conduits (e.g., faults, unconformities), along which lenticular reservoirs could develop.     

塘沽油田湖相泥质白云岩含油气影响

湖相白云岩在我国东部泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组、酒西坳陷白垩统下沟组和西部古—中生界准噶尔盆地二叠系风城组均已形成工业化油气开发,预示国内该类储层良好评价前景。塘沽油田在始新统—渐新统沙河街组三段五亚段湖相泥质白云岩储层取得油气勘探新发现,储层由泥质白云岩与白云质泥岩呈纹层不等厚交互构成,室内分析化验证实为弱还原半深水湖相沉积,具有裂缝与基质双重孔隙介质的特点,微介孔率在50%以上,为新型纳米级非常规碳酸盐储层。以该类油藏岩心观察及试油试采资料为基础,借助于薄片鉴定、x射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析、物性分析、压汞分析及氮气低温吸附测试等技术手段,对该类特殊岩性油藏的含油气影响因素进行探讨。研究结果表明塘沽油田沙河街组三段五亚段泥质白云岩含油性影响因素与成岩矿物组分及发育,储集空间及类型,微裂缝发育,异常超压空间展布等密切相关,所总结的湖相泥质白云岩储层含油气性综合评价方法对我国该类非常规油藏开发具有重要意义。     

安棚地区天然碱矿沉积特征及成因研究

本文通过录井、测井、岩心、薄片、孢粉组合等资料,对安棚地区天然碱矿的沉积特征及成矿条件进行探讨,重点分析研究了碱矿成因。研究表明,天然碱是在干旱-半干旱气候条件下蒸发结晶而成,与泥质白云岩互层分布。少量天然碱发育于早先形成的白云岩孔隙中。天然碱形成过程包括钠盐的形成和碱化反应。碱矿分布的主控因素为白云岩相带。     

南羌塘坳陷古油藏带布曲组白云岩储层特征及控制因素分析

羌塘盆地布曲组白云岩储层是整体致密背景下的"甜点"储层,深入研究其发育的控制因素,是进行有利区预测的基础。通过野外地质剖面观察、岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定,结合实测分析,对白云岩储集空间进行分类,并分析其发育的控制因素。结果表明,南羌塘坳陷古油藏带布曲组白云岩储层发育在碳酸盐岩台地的台内滩中,高位体系域晚期的滩间洼地局限水体提供白云化流体。储层中发育晶内溶孔、晶间孔、晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞,物性较好。储层质量受沉积作用、成岩作用及构造作用共同控制。台内滩发育的颗粒灰岩能够保存更多的连通孔隙,为后期流体改造提供运移通道,滩后局限水体提供白云石化流体。浅埋藏阶段白云石化是储集空间发育的最有利因素。燕山运动Ⅱ幕的构造挤压形成热点,提供形成孔隙充填鞍形白云石的热流体,同时该流体能够溶蚀围岩。古油藏破坏过程中的酸性流体和大气淡水对储层进行溶蚀改造,对储层具有关键性改造意义的是浅埋藏阶段的白云石化和第一次生烃前的有机酸溶蚀。