碳酸盐岩的反射光谱特征的研究及应用

在室内对新疆塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪地区碳酸盐岩的反射光谱进行了测量。分析结果表明：碳酸盐岩的特征吸收谱带位于２３００～２３５０ｎｍ，随着碳酸盐岩中Ｍｇ２＋含量的增加，其特征吸收谱带的中心波长位置具有向短波长方向移动的特点；同时，随着碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物含量的增加，其特征吸收谱带的深度（Ｄ）也有增大的趋势，并且岩石的平均反射率（Ｒ）也随着增高。根据这些特征可以判定碳酸盐岩的岩石类型及碳酸盐矿物的相对含量     

中国海相油气田勘探实例(之一) 四川盆地罗家寨大型气田的发现和探明

罗家寨气田发现于2000年,是四川盆地迄今为止发现的储量规模最大的一个气田,2002年探明储量为581.08×108m3。其下三叠统飞仙关组储层由碳酸盐岩蒸发台地边缘优质鲕粒滩白云岩构成,圈闭面积大,构造幅度高,具有一定的埋藏隐蔽性。论述了气田的发现和探明过程,气藏地质的特征,以及对碳酸盐岩气藏勘探的启示。     

Controls on the formation of stratabound dolostone bodies,Hammam Faraun Fault block,Gulf of Suez

Dolomitization is commonly associated with crustal‐scale faults, but tectonic rejuvenation, diagenetic overprinting and a fluid and Mg mass‐imbalance often makes it difficult to determine the dolomitization mechanism. This study considers differential dolomitization of the Eocene Thebes Formation on the Hammam Faraun Fault block, Gulf of Suez, which has undergone a simple history of burial and exhumation as a result of rifting. Stratabound dolostone bodies occur selectively within remobilized sediments (debrites and turbidites) in the lower Thebes Formation and extend into the footwall of, and for up to 2 km away from, the Hammam Faraun Fault. They are offset by the north–south trending Gebel fault, which was active during the earliest phases of rifting, suggesting that dolomitization occurred between rift initiation (26 Ma) and rift climax (15 Ma). Geochemical data suggest that dolomitization occurred from evaporated (ca 1·43 concentration) seawater at less than ca 80°C. Geothermal convection is interpreted to have occurred as seawater was drawn down surface‐breaching faults into the Nubian sandstone aquifer, convected and discharged into the lower Thebes Formation via the Hammam Faraun Fault. Assuming a ca 10 Myr window for dolomitization, a horizontal velocity of ca 0·7 m year⁻¹ into the Thebes Formation is calculated, with fluid flux and reactivity likely to have been facilitated by fracturing. Although fluids were at least marginally hydrothermal, stratabound dolostone bodies do not contain saddle dolomite and there is no evidence of hydrobrecciation. This highlights how misleading dolostone textures can be as a proxy for the genesis and spatial distribution of such bodies in the subsurface. Overall, this study provides an excellent example of how fluid flux may occur during the earliest phases of rifting, and the importance of crustal‐scale faults on fluid flow from the onset of their growth. Furthermore, this article presents a mechanism for dolomitization from seawater that has none of the inherent mass balance problems of classical, conceptual models of hydrothermal dolomitization.     

华南石炭纪中期白云岩地层分布及其形成模式

石炭纪是地质演化历史上重要的时期,发生了全球规模的海西造山运动,晚古生代大冰期（LPIA）达到峰值,全球海平面频繁波动,导致古气候和古环境的剧烈变化。在华南,石炭纪中期,浅水碳酸盐岩台地相区广泛发育一套白云岩沉积。本文系统总结华南3个主要碳酸盐台地内白云岩的厚度及时代,识别出白云岩时空分布的差异性。结合石炭纪中期全球气候环境特征,认为冰期兴盛引发了全球海平面下降,导致华南各沉积盆地形成利于白云岩化的环境,白云岩得以发育。而白云岩时空分布的差异性可能与各沉积盆地独特的构造演化以及不同成岩模式有关。中下扬子碳酸盐岩台地白云岩的形成模式主要为萨勃哈模式和成岩早期浅埋藏的渗透回流模式,形成相对较薄的白云岩沉积;中南部和西南部碳酸盐岩台地白云岩的形成模式为渗透回流模式,成岩规模较大,沉积较厚。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下奥陶统白云岩成因类型及其地球化学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地天然气藏的主要储集层段,下奥陶统白云岩,按成因可分为准同生、成岩和深埋藏三种类型,它们在岩石结构、X射线衍射、阴极发光、稳定同位素、微量元素特征以及白云石化机理上均有较大差别。     

达县—宣汉地区长兴组礁滩白云岩成岩作用与成岩环境研究

达县—宣汉长兴组礁滩白云岩主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、压溶作用、胶结作用、白云石化作用、新生变形作用、溶蚀作用、破裂作用和充填胶结作用等,对研究区储层贡献最大的成岩作用主要是溶蚀作用、新生变形作用和破裂作用。根据岩石中所形成的大量溶蚀孔隙、晶间溶孔和晶间孔以及裂缝的特征,该套礁滩白云岩储层的良好物性主要形成于中—深埋藏环境。     

南羌塘盆地扎仁古油藏白云岩储层特征及成因研究

根据薄片、铸体薄片、压汞、阴极发光等研究,详细描述了南羌塘盆地扎仁古油藏白云岩的储层特征,并对白云岩成因作了初步研究。认为该白云岩在沉积期后变化中经历了多种成岩作用改造,其中影响白云岩储集性的作用主要有白云石化作用、溶蚀作用、重结晶作用和构造应力作用,对白云岩孔渗改善起了积极作用。白云岩主要储集空间为晶间孔、晶间溶孔,储集物性良好。广泛发育的白云石环边结构等淡水成因标志表明,该区白云岩是通过大气水-海水孔隙混合流体交代灰岩所形成的。     

Salt weathering in dual-porosity building dolostones

The influence of rock fabric on physical weathering due to the salt crystallization of selected brecciated dolostones is discussed. These dual-porosity dolostones are representative of heterogeneous and anisotropic building rocks, and present highly complex and heterogeneous rock fabric features. The pore structure of the matrix and clasts is described in terms of porosity and pore size distribution, whereas the relative strength for each textural component is assessed using the Knoop hardness test. The whole characterisation process was carried out using the same samples as those used in the standard salt durability test (EN-12370), including connected porosity, the water saturation coefficient, fissure density, compressional wave velocity and waveform energy.

Results show the most important rock fabric elements to be considered are the matrix and clast properties and the nature of fissures. Firstly, a relatively weak matrix was the focus of major granular disintegration as it presents high porosity, low pore radius and reduced strength. Secondly, narrow micro-fissures appear to be important in the decay process due to the effectiveness of crystallization pressure generated by salt growth. On the contrary, macro-fissures do not contribute greatly to rock decay since they act as sinks to consume the high supersaturations caused by growth of large crystals. Additionally, an analysis of stress generated by crystallization was carried out based on the general situation of a lenticular crystal geometry. Finally, the relationships between whole petrophysical properties and durability were established using a principal component analysis. This analysis has clearly established that the durability of rocks affected by salt crystallization mechanisms diminishes in weaker and anisotropic rocks with high porosity and fissure density.     

达县—宣汉地区长兴组礁滩白云岩成岩过程中的孔隙演化

川东北达县—宣汉长兴组礁滩白云岩具有良好的油气储集潜力。作者通过大量岩石常规薄片、铸体薄片观察研究,发现该礁滩白云岩储层储集空间主要为次生成因的晶间孔、晶间溶孔、粒间粒内溶孔、生物体腔内溶孔和生物格架间溶孔。这些孔隙的形成和演化除了受沉积作用、构造作用和有机质热演化史的影响外,还受成岩作用的控制。首先在海底-暴露-浅埋藏环境下,压实及胶结使原生孔隙基本消失;而准同生混合水白云石化及早期暴露溶蚀作用改变了沉积物内部结构,形成众多微小孔隙的网络及溶孔,为后期形成大量孔隙创造了条件。其次在中—深埋藏环境下,强烈的重结晶作用和溶蚀作用使得岩石形成大量的次生孔隙,大大提高了礁滩白云岩的储集性能。     

埋藏环境白云石结构类型

近年来我国在白云岩储层油气勘探方面取得了重大进展,这些白云岩储层绝大多数为埋藏阶段形成的白云岩,同时大量研究也证实地层中大部分白云岩形成于埋藏环境。国际学术界对埋藏环境白云石的成因结构分类比较细致,但在我国这方面的研究还不够深入,因此本文借助国际上对埋藏环境白云石成因结构的分类方法,并结合中国白云岩研究的实际情况尝试提出埋藏环境白云石结构分类方案。该方案首先以白云石在岩石中的产状分为基质白云石和胶结白云石两大类,再以晶粒大小、晶型、晶面特征、接触关系为分类依据,将埋藏环境白云石分为六种结构类型。