基于PSR框架的内蒙古自治区沙漠化敏感性评估

沙漠化敏感性是测度区域沙漠化可能性的关键指标。鉴于沙漠化敏感性研究“重评价、缺框架”、“重格局、轻变化”的研究现状,本文基于“压力—状态—响应”(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)分析框架,构建了“气候条件—地表覆盖—植被恢复”沙漠化敏感性综合评价指标体系,定量评估了2000、2015年内蒙古自治区(除流动沙地(丘)外)沙漠化敏感性,结合县域人口密度开展了区域沙漠化防治分区。研究结果表明：2015年研究区以中度敏感区为主(27.04%),其次为轻度敏感区(25.53%)、不敏感区(22.96%)和高度敏感区(20.82%),极敏感区占比最小(3.65%),沙漠化敏感性呈现出中西部高、东部低的空间格局;2000-2015年间,内蒙古自治区9.20%的土地沙漠化敏感性等级降低,24.83%则趋于增强。研究区可划分为生态保育区、沙化治理区、综合发展区和生态移民区四大沙漠化防治区。     

Farmland function evolution in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: Processes,patterns and mechanisms

Using counties as the basic analysis unit, this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function (FF) from economic, social, and ecological perspectives. The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights, and the FF indices were calculated for each county. Subsequently, the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution (FFE) were analyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model. At the same time, the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quantitatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method. The following major conclusions were drawn: (1) The farmland economic function generally exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2010, and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in underdeveloped and agriculture-dominated counties, while it continuously weakened in developed areas. Farmland social function decreased in 60.29% of the counties, whereas some counties, which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou, Yantai, and Weihai, clearly increased. A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing, Tianjin, and Jinan. Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function. (2) There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions, and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this. The changes in social function and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas, but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas. (3) FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors. Furthermore, the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems, including the economy, society, and the ecology. According to the results mentioned above, promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture should be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP. Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account, differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.     

中国西北地区东部短时强降水时空特征

基于中国西北地区东部136个气象站2001-2011年每6 h地面降水常规观测资料、1 674个自动站2009-2011年逐时降水资料,运用气候统计、线性趋势、归一化、分区域统计以及降水集中度（PCD）和集中期（PCP）分析等方法,研究了西北地区东部短时强降水的时空分布和气候特征。结果表明：该地区短时强降水日数年际变化不大,但区域性的短时强降水过程呈明显增加趋势;短时强降水主要发生在7月上旬至8月下旬,且具有明显的日变化特征;短时强降水总频次的空间分布与地势分布比较一致,高频高值区多位于夏半年环流盛行西南气流的迎风坡附近;在空间上PCD由东南向西北越来越集中,PCP自东向西逐步推迟。     

环渤海地区人海经济系统环境适应性时空差异及影响因素

适应性是全球变化和环境与发展研究的热点和重要领域,并为区域可持续发展研究提供了新的研究框架和有效分析工具。以适应性为切入点,基于敏感性、稳定性、响应3要素构建评估框架,应用熵权TOPSIS法和协整检验分析环渤海地区人海经济系统环境适应性的时空差异和影响因素。结果表明：① 环渤海地区人海经济系统环境适应性的发展受到内源力和外向力的双重扰动作用;② 不同适应性要素以及适应性系统时空分异特征显著;人海环境系统敏感性较弱且呈现南北高、中间低的“哑铃形”分布状态;人海环境系统稳定性较差且呈现东高西低的发展态势;人海经济系统响应较弱且呈明显“极差化”分异特征;人海经济系统适应性与人海环境系统适应性大致保持线性相关关系;③ 2000-2014年环渤海地区人海经济系统环境适应性呈缓慢上升趋势,采用聚类分析方法将适应性分为4类,高适应性城市（0.536）为大连;较高适应性城市（0.442~0.482）有天津、烟台、青岛、日照、东营和威海;中适应性城市（0.346~0.380）有秦皇岛、潍坊、营口和丹东;低适应性城市（0.303~0.326）有唐山、葫芦岛、滨州、盘锦、沧州和锦州;④ 人海经济系统环境适应性的影响因素呈现海洋环境管理力度>海洋经济对外交流能力>港口建设水平>人才支持力的正向驱动作用。     

北京市快速城市化对短时间尺度降水时空特征影响及成因

快速城市化对区域降水过程的影响已成为人类活动对不同时空尺度水循环影响研究的热点。基于北京全区2011-2015年20个自动气象站逐小时降水资料,利用Circular统计法等多种方法,在揭示北京市降水总体特征基础上,进一步从日、场次、小时等多种精细化时间尺度来探究北京市不同类型降水特征。研究表明：① 场次暴雨平均降水量、场次降雨持续时间及降水强度高值中心主要位于北京城区,与郊区降水过程相比,城区总体降水过程历时较长、雨量较大。城市雨岛效应可能是上述降水指标在城区具有高值中心的原因之一。② 北京全区降水日分布不均,不同区域降水类型有较大差异。北京市的暴雨雨型主要以午后型为主,占总雨型的47.53%。山区总体及北部近郊、远郊区、南部近郊分别以午后型、正午型、夜晚型降水为主。而城区的暴雨类型显示出主城区的东西两侧有较大的差异,西侧受山谷风环流及热岛环流影响类型较为复杂,东侧以傍晚型为主。③ 场次暴雨的降水峰值出现时间主要集中在12:00-19:00,且城区降水峰值发生时间较郊区降水峰值发生时间推迟。海拔的升高会使日降水峰值的出现时间的不确定性增大。④ 极端降水量指标及持续干燥、湿润指标均在城区显示出高值区,极端降水频率指标高值区位于城区下风向。城市化可能通过人口膨胀、土地利用类型变更等方式间接提高极端降水发生的风险。     

政治地理学教材写作的创新与接力——商务版刘云刚译《政治地理学》述评

论述政治地理学在人文地理学中的重要地位和此前中文世界的政治地理学教材建设情况。从教材内容、特点和新意、译著品质、值得改进之处、结论五个方面,对刘云刚所译的《政治地理学》教材进行全面评述。该书是英美政治地理学最经典的教材之一,关注的话题从地缘政治、民族国家、后冷战时期的地缘政治转变、全球化到现在的帝国和恐怖主义,几乎涵盖了西方政治地理研究近五十年来的所有经典话题。该教材特点有六：紧跟时代脉搏,不断更新;从全球到个人多种尺度;一根红线“世界体系理论”贯穿始终;师生两代人密切合作,成为学林佳话和典范;大量使用案例;基于学术研究成果写作,诚实地引证同行著述。     

供给侧改革驱动中国工业绿色发展的动力结构及时空效应

运用熵值法和动态面板的系统GMM估计方法对2000~2015年中国工业绿色发展水平及其供给侧动力结构进行探究,结果表明：中国工业绿色发展水平呈逐年递增趋势,“东中西”依次递减的空间演变格局越发明显;绿色资本与中国工业绿色发展呈“U”型关系,其他5类绿色要素供给对中国工业绿色发展均起到了促进作用;工业绿色发展水平相对较高的东部地区的人口素质、绿色产业以及环境规制等对工业绿色发展的促进作用相对较大,而工业绿色发展水平相对较低的中西部地区的能源结构、技术进步等对工业绿色发展的促进作用相对较大。     

基于遥感与GIS的北京城乡结合部土地利用时空变化分析

随着城镇化进程的加快,我国土地利用结构发生了显著的变化。及时、精确地掌握土地资源的数量、质量、分布特征及其变化趋势,对土地资源的持续发展与规划有着至关重要的作用。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,选择北京市顺义区作为研究对象,采用分类后比较方法,对1999~2011年间土地利用类型的动态变化进行定量分析以及空间分布制图。结果表明:该区域耕地、林地和水域的面积分别减少了15.77%、27.85%和75.82%,居民工矿用地增加了18.49%;耕地资源数量减少,非农业用地大量增加,综合土地利用动态度达到2.37%,城乡结合部的范围在12年间从西向东进行了大范围地移动。     

Bioerosion by the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum along Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs

Bioerosion is a natural process in coral reefs. It is fundamental to the health of these ecosystems. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reefs, the most important bioeroders are sponges, bivalves, sea urchins and the fish Arothron meleagris. In the 1980s, El Niño caused high coral mortality and an increase in macroalgal growth. As a result, greater sea urchin bioerosion occurred. This weakened the reef framework. Considering the high vulnerability of the ETP coral reefs, the goal of this study was to determine the current bioerosion impact of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum along the western coasts of Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panamá. The balance between coral bioaccretion and sea urchin bioerosion was also calculated. Between 2009 and 2010, in 12 coral reefs localities, D. mexicanum density, bottom cover and rugosity were quantified along band transects. The daily bioerosion rate was obtained from the amount of carbonates evacuated by sea urchins per unit time. The rate of coral accretion was calculated by multiplying the coral growth rate of the dominant genus by the density of their skeleton and by their specific coral cover. The localities were dissimilar (R = 0.765, P < 0.001) in terms of live coral cover, crustose calcareous algae, turf cover, rugosity index, and density and size of D. mexicanum. At all sites, with the exception of Bahía Culebra (Costa Rica), coral bioerosion was less than coral bioaccretion. Diadema mexicanum plays a dominant role in the balance of carbonates in the ETP, but this depends on reef condition (protection, overfishing, eutrophication) and so the impacts can be either positive or negative.     

Economic incentives for sustainable hilsa fishing in Bangladesh: An analysis of the legal and institutional framework

Bangladesh's hilsa shad (Tenulosa ilisha) comprises the largest single-species fishery in the country, constituting 11 per cent of the total catch and employing 2.5 million people directly or indirectly. Since 2003, following a sharp decline in catch figures, the hilsa fish has been the subject of a government conservation programme offering fishers economic incentives or payments for ecosystem services (PES). While PES schemes are widely used to conserve natural resources such as forests and watersheds, Bangladesh's programme is a rare example of PES for sustainable fishery management. Catch figures have improved since the programme was introduced; but concerns remain about fishers’ socioeconomic conditions and the long-term sustainability of Bangladesh's hilsa fishery. This paper analyses the conservation scheme's legal and institutional frameworks, identifying challenges to its design and implementation, and makes recommendations to overcome them.