Characteristics of high arsenic groundwater in Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, northern China

It is well known that the Hetao Basin is one of the most seriously arsenic-affected groundwater areas in China. In order to understand the characteristics of high arsenic(As) groundwater in the Basin, a brief overview of arsenic in groundwater follows. High arsenic in the Basin commonly occurs in shallow groundwater and the total arsenic concentrations range from 0.58 to 572 μg/L(average 99.73 μg/L), exceeding the maximum mandated value of 10 μg/L for drinking water in China; As(Ш) is the predominant species. The regional distribution pattern of arsenic in the groundwater increases from south/southeast to north/northwest. Hangjinhouqi and Wuyuan counties are considered as the most seriously affected areas, with high incidences of endemic arsenicosic diseases in the Hetao Basin. High groundwater arsenic correlates with the increase of well depth. Previous studies proposed that groundwater arsenic in the Basin is mainly originated from desorption of some natural solid materials in the sediments, under reducing condition. Generally, reducing condition is believed to be the primary factor for arsenic releasing from the sediment to groundwater in the region. Under inorganic or bacterial processes, Fe2O3 changes to Fe S and arsenic adsorbed to Fe(OH)3 dissolves into groundwater, and As(V) is reduced to As(Ш). Besides, reducing environments, groundwater hydraulic gradients, organic matter, p H, evapotranspiration, and soil texture are presumed to be the predominant factors that control arsenic mobilization.     

模糊分维及其在地震研究中的某些应用

在模糊集理论与分形理论的基础上,引进了模糊分维的概念;给出了模湖容量维D0与模糊关联维D2的定义与确定方法;讨论了模糊分维与常用的分维（清晰分维）的关系.给出了模糊分维在地震研究中的应用结果: 1.根据模糊容量维D0随时间的上升趋势变化,可以划分出大地震活动的高潮期;由模糊容量维D0与模糊关联维D2随时间变化的曲线,可以分析识别大地震前的中长期前兆异常. 2.根据模糊容量维D0随空间和时间的变化,可以划分出未来大震所在的地区,并可发现大震前数年D0呈现增大或减小的趋势. 3.根据前兆数据的模糊时间分维D0随时间的变化,可以发现大地震的短期前兆异常.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon intensity from energy consumption in China

The sustainable development has been seriously challenged by global climate change due to carbon emissions. As a developing country, China promised to reduce 40%-45% below the level of the year 2005 on its carbon intensity by 2020. The realization of this target depends on not only the substantive transition of society and economy at the national scale, but also the action and share of energy saving and emissions reduction at the provincial scale. Based on the method provided by the IPCC, this paper examines the spatiotemporal dynamics and dominating factors of China’s carbon intensity from energy consumption in 1997–2010. The aim is to provide scientific basis for policy making on energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in China. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, China’s carbon emissions increased from 4.16 Gt to 11.29 Gt from 1997 to 2010, with an annual growth rate of 7.15%, which was much lower than that of GDP (11.72%). Secondly, the trend of Moran’s I indicated that China’s carbon intensity has a growing spatial agglomeration at the provincial scale. The provinces with either high or low values appeared to be path-dependent or space-locked to some extent. Third, according to spatial panel econometric model, energy intensity, energy structure, industrial structure and urbanization rate were the dominating factors shaping the spatiotemporal patterns of China’s carbon intensity from energy consumption. Therefore, in order to realize the targets of energy conservation and emission reduction, China should improve the efficiency of energy utilization, optimize energy and industrial structure, choose the low-carbon urbanization approach and implement regional cooperation strategy of energy conservation and emissions reduction.     

中国内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间差异及影响因素分析

中国内地已经成长为澳门最大的客源市场。论文依据澳门入境旅游统计数据,并运用计量地理学及因子分析相关方法综合分析中国内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间差异及影响因素。研究结果显示:中国东南沿海省区仍将是澳门的主要客源地,从2011至2016年内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间均衡重心点逐渐向北-向西移动,中国内地客源市场北方省区、中西部省区游客赴澳门旅游的市场潜力不断增大,内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间集聚程度日益离散,经济发展基础及消费能力是影响中国内地客源赴澳门旅游的主要因素。     

农牧交错带边界判定方法的研究进展

农牧交错带是我国传统农业区域与牧业区域相交汇的地带, 是我国生态环境的一条过渡带和生态安全的 重要屏障, 为此国内外学者对农牧交错带做了大量的研究, 但是迄今为止对于农牧交错带边界的认识尚未达成共 识。不同学者划分方法不一, 划分标准和指标不一致, 导致划分的农牧交错带在空间上差异很大, 因此有必要对农 牧交错带的边界做进一步的研究。农牧交错带的分布主要受降水等自然因素的限制, 但也与人类对土地利用的方 式密切相关, 因此它更是作为一种土地利用/土地覆被现状存在的。本文在总结以前农牧交错带边界判定研究中主 要用到的方法及存在不足的基础上, 建议从土地利用的角度考虑农牧交错带, 并就边界确定的研究方法做了探讨。     

基于时空热点分析的城市交通违法行为特征识别方法

交通违法行为是引发交通事故的重要原因,然而现有研究主要关注交通违法行为的整体特征,缺少面向交通违法治理需求的分析框架。本文基于时空热点分析方法,提出从热点区域时间分布特征和典型时段热点区域空间分布特征两个角度识别交通违法行为特征的分析框架,分别用于支撑局部交通违法热点以及全局违法模式的原因分析和精准治理。基于该方法对福州市的机动车和非机动车（含行人）违法行为特征进行了识别分析,结果表明：机动车和非机动车违法行为在时间维度均呈现出9:00和16:00一日双峰特征,在空间维度呈现出“一片区、多热点”的聚集分布特征。二者也存在明显差异,具体表现为：① 在时间维度,非机动车违法行为呈现出更大的变化幅度,高峰时段与中午低谷时段、工作日与周末的违法行为数量差异均明显高于机动车;② 在空间维度,机动车违法行为在商业中心、医院等重要场所和交通枢纽呈现出聚集特征,分布范围更广,而非机动车违法行为则主要在人流量大且人车混行严重的城市中心路口区域呈现聚集特征;③ 不同违法热点地区产生的原因存在差异,需要有针对性制定治理措施。上述发现表明了本文方法能够全面快速识别交通违法行为特征,可以帮助指导城市交通违法行为动态监测分析系统建设,为持续优化城市交通现场执法警力动态分配以及交通违法行为精准治理提供决策支持。     

一种网络空间现象同位模式挖掘的新方法

同位模式的挖掘是空间数据挖掘领域关注的热点问题。目前,对于网络空间现象同位模式挖掘的研究较少。本文将欧氏空间已有方法扩展至网络空间,该方法由两个核心步骤组成:①通过对网络进行划分定义同位腜停范ㄍ止叵担虎诙酝止叵到型臣仆贫先范ㄆ涫欠裎荒J健6陨钲谑兄圃煲倒镜耐荒J酵诰蚪辛朔椒ㄋ得鳎谰菁劬醚е械贾虏导鄣娜只贫哉庑┩荒J浇辛硕ㄐ苑治觯ü胍延蟹椒ǖ谋冉弦约巴纾撕募煅檠橹ち吮疚姆椒ǖ挠行浴€     

Spatial and diurnal distribution of invertebrate and fish fauna of a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in Damariscotta River, Maine (USA)

Fish, epibenthos and macroinfauna were collected in a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in the estuary of the Damariscotta River, on the mid-coast of Maine. Samples of epibenthic fauna and fish were collected at low tides both during day and night, and samples of infauna at low tides during the day. The mean density of Zostera shoots in the study area was 335 m⁻². Abundance and species number of fish were greater at night than during the day and greater in eelgrass beds (Z. marina) than in unvegetated habitats. Daytime fish collections were dominated by Atlantic silversides (Medinia medinia), while juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) dominated night collections. Also Zostera-associated epifaunal abundances and number of species were significantly higher at night than during the day. Mysis stenolepis, Idotea balthica and Littorina obtusata were dominant species in the epifauna samples. Of the total of 37 invertebrate species encountered, only five occurred both in the infaunal and epifaunal samples. Nineteen different taxa were collected from the benthic core samples. The most abundant invertebrate infaunal taxa were sipunculids, the polychaete Nereis virens, and oligochaetes. Infaunal invertebrate abundances and species diversity were significantly higher in eelgrass beds than in unvegetated sediments. The abundance and number of species of benthic invertebrates were also positively correlated to seagrass biomass. Community diversity values (H′) were relatively low but fit well in the general pattern of decreasing diversity towards northern latitudes.     

基于幂函数法则对放牧梯度上种群空间异质性的定量分析

 在呼伦贝尔草原的克氏针茅群落选择轻牧、中牧、重牧3个不同的放牧梯度,沿着50 m样线设置100个50 cm×50 cm的L型样方,每个L型样方内划分4个25 cm×25 cm的S型样方,以物种出现的频度（p）作为植被空间分布的观测指标,采用幂函数法则对放牧梯度上草原植物群落物种的空间异质性进行了定量研究。结果表明,在不同放牧强度下,种类结构发生明显改变,轻度放牧区羊草和星状刺骨藜、中度放牧区藜和糙隐子草、重度放牧区猪毛菜和多根葱具有高的出现频度,群落物种数随着放牧压力的增大而减小。整体来看,放牧梯度上物种的空间分布呈现明显的聚集分布,物种空间异质性（δi）随着放牧强度的增大而增加,拟合于幂函数规律曲线;群落的空间异质性（δc）随着轻牧-中牧-重牧放牧演替的进展呈现降低趋势,种群个体分布呈现片断化特征。在群落内部各个种群具有不同的异质化分布特点,物种结构主要表现出密集型种群和疏散型种群两大类型。这些趋势与种群的繁殖策略、生活史对策、群落的再生产策略等生理与生态特性密切相关。     

生产性服务业发展的动力机制与空间效应研究进展

伴随着全球生产方式从“福特制”向“后福特制”的转变,生产性服务业逐渐取代制造业成为“后工业社会”区域经济增长和城市体系重构的主导产业。本文梳理了国内外相关文献,并结合国家自然科学基金青年项目“政治经济学视角下中国生产性服务业发展的多层级动力机制及其区域城市化效应”的研究成果,对已有理论及其在中国的适应性进行讨论。结论为：①中国生产性服务业在时空演变态势上既呈现出与西方发达国家同期发展阶段趋同的特征,也具有自身独特的发展路径;②转型期政府—市场、政府—企业、中央—地方等关系,决定了政府对经济的调控程度以及资金、土地和劳动力等要素市场的发育程度,形成了中国生产性服务业发展与西方国家不同的动力机制。③中国生产性服务业的增长和集聚促进了巨型城市区域的发展,改变了城市体系的组织模式,但有别于西方的是,中国生产性服务业的空间效应需考虑生产性服务业与制造业联系的影响。