1996-2011 年南非人口空间分布格局与演变特征

南非是中国在非洲的最大投资目的地与经贸合作伙伴, 特别在基础设施建设方面发展迅速。南非人口空间分布研究对开展中南合作具有重要意义。本文通过收集整理南非历年来的全国人口普查资料统计数据, 运用空间自相关模型、不均衡指数、人口重心模型和偏移—分享模型, 分析了南非人口的空间分布格局和演变特征。研究结果表明, 南非人口分布具有显著的“东高西低”的空间格局, 呈现出以工业化程度较高的大都市区和港口城市为中心的“多核心”集聚的分布特征;空间自相关分析得出人口高集聚区主要分布在大都市区和沿海港口城市, 低密度集聚区主要集中分布在中西部地区;从变化趋势上来看, 1996-2011 年间人口分布不平衡趋势不断加强, 人口重心向西北方向移动;偏移—分享分析表明, 南非人口增长速度先后经历了从1996-2001 年快速增长到2001-2007 年缓慢增长, 再到2007-2011 年高速增长的“高—低—高”增长阶段;省域层面上看, 豪登省和西开普省一直是南非人口集聚较强地区。     

近10年中国大气PM10污染时空格局演变

为分析近10 年来中国PM₁₀污染时空格局演变,运用统计学和GIS 方法对2002-2012 年PM₁₀监测数据进行分析,结果表明：① 地级及以上城市ρ（PM₁₀）年均值由0.130 mg·m^-3下降至0.076 mg·m^-3,达标城市比例由37.6%上升至92.0%;环保重点城市ρ（PM₁₀）日均值超标天数比例由24.7%下降至7.0%。② 12 月份PM₁₀污染最重,其次为1 月和11 月;8 月份污染最轻,其次为7 月和9 月。③ PM₁₀的重污染区域明显减小,由集中连片分布变为零星点状分布。但空间格局未发生明显变化,北方尤其是西北、华北地区及山东、江苏、湖北一直是PM₁₀污染相对严重地区。④ 北方地区PM₁₀污染重于南方地区,两者的差异主要发生在北方采暖期（1-4 月及11-12 月）。⑤ PM₁₀污染的改善主要体现在重污染城市的改善,1/10 左右的重污染城市对降低全国PM₁₀平均浓度的贡献约占1/3,而清洁城市PM₁₀污染则有加重趋势。⑥ 环保重点城市污染天气以轻度污染为主,占全部污染天数的80.4%。受沙尘天气影响,3、4 月份发生严重污染天气的比例较高。     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

THE BENCHMARK SYSTEM , Version 5.6. Get-A-Ref , Version 4.2. MapInfo , Version 3.0. OSU MAP-for-the-PC , OSU MAP-for-the-PC, Version 3.0. Duane F. Marble, Jay Sandhu, and others Spatial Regression Analysis on the PC , Version 1.0. Daniel A. Griffith     

西北干旱区极端高温时空变化特征分析

利用1961—2010年西北干旱区83个气象观测站的日气温资料,通过线性倾向率、百分位法及Mann-Kendall法得出西北干旱区极端高温的具体变化特征。用百分位法对西北干旱区日气温数据进行处理,确定极端高温指标的阈值,得出极端高温强度和极端高温事件的频率。结论如下:自1989年开始,西北干旱区年极端高温呈显著上升趋势,空间上西部大于东部,局部地区盆地南缘大于北缘;极端高温日数呈明显的上升趋势;四季极端高温均有上升趋势,秋季增长率最高、冬季最低,秋季极端高温日数增长速率最大;季极端高温及高温日数高值区分布在西北干旱区西北和东南部的盆地边缘,干旱区沙漠边缘及戈壁区;西北干旱区年、季极端高温日数均与年平均气温相关性突出。     

Crustal complexity in the Lachlan Orogen revealed from teleseismic receiver functions

There is an ongoing debate about the tectonic evolution of southeast Australia, particularly about the causes and nature of its accretion to a much older Precambrian core to the west. Seismic imaging of the crust can provide useful clues to address this issue. Seismic tomography imaging is a powerful tool often employed to map elastic properties of the Earth's lithosphere, but in most cases does not constrain well the depth of discontinuities such as the Mohorovi?i? (Moho). In this study, an alternative imaging technique known as receiver function (RF) has been employed for seismic stations near Canberra in the Lachlan Orogen to investigate: (i) the shear-wave-velocity profile in the crust and uppermost mantle, (ii) variations in the Moho depth beneath the Lachlan Orogen, and (iii) the nature of the transition between the crust and mantle. A number of styles of RF analyses were conducted: H-K stacking to obtain the best compressional–shear velocity (V _P /V _S) ratio and crustal thickness; nonlinear inversion for the shear-wave-velocity structure and inversion of the observed variations in RFs with back-azimuth to investigate potential dipping of the crustal layers and anisotropy. The thick crust (up to 48 km) and the mostly intermediate nature of the crust?mantle transition in the Lachlan Orogen could be due to the presence of underplating at the base of the crust, and possibly to the existing thick piles of Ordovician mafic rocks present in the mid and lower crust. Results from numerical modelling of RFs at three seismic stations (CAN, CNB and YNG) suggest that the observed variations with back-azimuth could be related to a complex structure beneath these stations with the likelihood of both a dipping Moho and crustal anisotropy. Our analysis reveals crustal thickening to the west beneath CAN station which could be due to slab convergence. The crustal thickening may also be related to the broad Macquarie volcanic arc, which is rooted to the Moho. The crustal anisotropy may arise from a strong N–S structural trend in the eastern Lachlan Orogen and to the preferred crystallographic orientation of seismically anisotropic minerals in the lower and middle crust related to the paleo-Pacific plate convergence.     

利用卫星影像和航空影像更新基础地理信息方法研究

基础地理信息的更新,是保证地理信息系统现势性的充要条件.卫星遥感影像数据具有周期短、信息丰富、现势性强等特征.利用卫星影像数据来更新基础地理信息数据是一种行之有效的方法.如何利用遥感数据融合技术,将多传感器获取的各种影像数据中所含的信息优势有机地结合起来,更是成为目前研究的热点.利用航空影像和Landsat多光谱波段影像进行数据融合,能够有效地提高影像空间分辨率,以获取更高质量的信息.     

山东省土壤有机碳库及其时空变化特征

土壤作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,土壤碳储量研究在全球碳循环变化中意义重大。利用山东省多目标区域地球化学调查(2003年)获得的双层网格化大密度、高精度土壤有机碳(SOC)含量数据,估算了全省0～20 cm、0～100 cm及0～160 cm的土壤碳密度和储量,并对SOC密度和储量的时空变化规律及土壤固碳潜力进行研究。结果表明：(1)山东省0～20 cm、0～100 cm和0～160 cm土层SOC密度分别为222 kg/m2、764 kg/m2、1009 kg/m2,各土层SOC密度均明显低于全国平均水平(319 kg/m2、1164 kg/m2和1534 kg/m2);(2)0～20 cm表层SOC密度分布总体呈现为沿海地区低,鲁西北平原、鲁东丘陵中等,鲁中南山区偏高的分布格局;(3)与18年前第二次土壤普查(1985年)数据对比,表层SOC密度从143 kg/m2升高到222 kg/m2,全省陆域(1570万km2)0～20 cm表层SOC储量则由22641 Mt增加至35065 Mt,净增了12424 Mt,SOC密度以0044 kg/(m2·a)的平均速率在土壤中积累,整体表现为“碳汇”效应;据估算,尚有50523 Mt的固碳潜力。     

多时相遥感影像提取湖泊边界信息的融合算法

为了有效改善遥感影像提取湖泊边界信息的可靠性和精度,减少人为误差,提出了一种利用多时相遥感影像提取边界信息的加权平均融合算法以及误差的域法修正处理方法.结果表明,该方法能有效融合各时相影像信息,提高湖泊边界信息提取的可靠性,并且对融合时相变化较大的湖泊边界都有一定的普适性.通过融合算法提取的呼伦湖面积为1928.35km2,修正后的面积为1929.85km2.通过利用地统计学理论对算法的验证及误差分析,得出相对误差空间变异拟合模型的块金方差与基台值之比都小于25%,具有很强的空间相关性,修正后的数据空间相关性要优于融合数据,空间变程也得到了有效地降低,显示修正后的数据对半方差函数理论模型的拟合程度更好.     

Impact of model development,calibration and validation decisions on hydrological simulations in West Lake Erie Basin

Watershed simulation models are used extensively to investigate hydrologic processes, landuse and climate change impacts, pollutant load assessments and best management practices (BMPs). Developing, calibrating and validating these models require a number of critical decisions that will influence the ability of the model to represent real world conditions. Understanding how these decisions influence model performance is crucial, especially when making science‐based policy decisions. This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in West Lake Erie Basin (WLEB) to examine the influence of several of these decisions on hydrological processes and streamflow simulations. Specifically, this study addressed the following objectives (1) demonstrate the importance of considering intra‐watershed processes during model development, (2) compare and evaluated spatial calibration versus calibration at outlet and (3) evaluate parameter transfers across temporal and spatial scales. A coarser resolution (HUC‐12) model and a finer resolution model (NHDPlus model) were used to support the objectives. Results showed that knowledge of watershed characteristics and intra‐watershed processes are critical to produced accurate and realistic hydrologic simulations. The spatial calibration strategy produced better results compared to outlet calibration strategy and provided more confidence. Transferring parameter values across spatial scales (i.e. from coarser resolution model to finer resolution model) needs additional fine tuning to produce realistic results. Transferring parameters across temporal scales (i.e. from monthly to yearly and daily time‐steps) performed well with a similar spatial resolution model. Furthermore, this study shows that relying solely on quantitative statistics without considering additional information can produce good but unrealistic simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于改进当量的甘肃省耕地生态系统服务价值及其与区域经济发展的空间关系研究

为量化分析耕地生态系统服务价值及其与区域经济发展的空间关系,采用改进的耕地当量因子,对甘肃省2014年耕地生态系统服务价值进行定量化研究,并采用双变量空间自相关探讨其与区域经济发展在空间上的关联关系。结果表明：（1）在GPP修正的基础上估算得到的甘肃省2014年耕地生态系统服务价值为4.96×10¹¹元,其中水资源供给功能的价值为负,食物生产功能的生态系统服务价值相对较高,美学景观功能的生态系统服务价值最低。（2）双变量空间自相关显示人均国内生产总值与耕地生态系统服务价值在空间上存在显著的负相关关系,Moran’s I指数为-0.252 3。局部双变量空间自相关LISA图也显示低-高聚集区主要分布在经济发展相对落后、具有明显生态优势的东南部地区;而高-低聚集区则主要分布在经济高速发展,生态环境相对恶劣的西北部地区。研究结果可为甘肃省生态环境管护与区域经济发展提供决策参考,为实现经济增长与生态保护统筹协调发展提供参考依据。