济南市长清区2011—2020年土地利用变化时空分异特征及其成因

研究城市土地利用时空变化特征及驱动因素对城市促进合理利用土地资源、生态—社会—经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究运用ArcGIS定量提取土地利用数据,建立土地利用变化幅度模型和土地利用变化程度模型,分析长清区2011—2020年土地利用时空变化特征;选取8个社会经济驱动因子,利用皮尔逊相关系数法研究土地利用变化的社会经济驱动机制。结果表明,2017年后长清区土地利用处于调整阶段,应优化土地利用规划,提升土地利用社会—经济—生态综合效益。     

CHANNEL RESPONSE TO SEDIMENT WAVE PROPAGATION AND MOVEMENT,REDWOOD CREEK,CALIFORNIA, USA

Redwood Creek, north coastal California, USA, has experienced dramatic changes in channel configuration since the 1950s. A series of large floods (in 1955, 1964, 1972 and 1975) combined with the advent of widespread commercial timber harvest and road building resulted in extensive erosion in the basin and contributed high sediment loads to Redwood Creek. Since 1975, no peak flows have exceeded a 5 year recurrence interval. Twenty years of cross-sectional survey data document the downstream movement of a ‘sediment wave’ in the lower 26 km of this gravel-bedded river at a rate of 800 to 1600 m a⁻¹ during this period of moderately low flows. Higher transit rates are associated with reaches of higher unit stream power. The wave was initially deposited at a site with an abrupt decrease in channel gradient and increase in channel width. The amplitude of the wave has attenuated more than 1 m as it moved downstream, and the duration of the wave increased from eight years upstream to more than 20 years downstream. Channel aggradation and subsequent degradation have been accommodated across the entire channel bed. Channel width has not decreased significantly after initial channel widening from large (>25 year recurrence interval) floods. Three sets of longitudinal surveys of the streambed showed the highest increase in pool depths and frequency in a degrading reach, but even the aggrading reach exhibited some pool development through time. The aggraded channel bed switched from functioning as a sediment sink to a significant sediment source as the channel adjusted to high sediment loads. From 1980 to 1990, sediment eroded from temporary channel storage represented about 25 per cent of the total sediment load and 95 per cent of the bedload exported from the basin.     

频率域线源大地电磁法有限元正演模拟

本文介绍了频率域线源大地电磁法有限元正演模拟的研究结果. 在外边界上统一应用适合于人工源的一阶吸收边界条件来形成边值问题,可减小基于平面波假设造成的人为截断边界的影响. 程序编辑中设计了两个二维数组分别存储总体系数矩阵的非零元素和在总体结点编号中的位置,使内存占用量减少,且物理意义明确,方便用高斯-赛德尔等迭代法解有限元方程时调用. 采用视δ函数模拟线源,提高了解方程组的稳定性. 最后通过对1个简单模型和1个复杂模型的模拟,证明所用的方法对异常体能够有明显的反映,说明了该方法的可靠性和有效性.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND THE APPLICATION IN HYDROLOGICAL AND SOIL EROSION MODELLING

Accurate estimations of water retention and detention are needed to simulate surface runoff and soil erosion following a rainfall event in a catchment. Several equations to estimate the amount of surface depressional storage, the fraction of the soil surface covered by water and the amount of rainfall excess needed to start surface runoff have been developed by Onstad (1984). The random roughness and slope gradient are needed for those estimations. Surface micro-elevation data have been gathered by a photographic method. The random roughness was determined from those elevation measurements. Several factors which have an impact on the soil surface roughness were taken into account. The main sources of influence are the type of land use, the crop stage within the growing period and tillage direction. Analyses of variance indicated that the variation in the RR-index could be explained mainly by type of land use, orientation and field type. The temporal variation was relatively small. Gradient data have been determined from a digital elevation model, constructed by digitizing contours. Combining the random roughness and the steepness of slope, the amounts of surface water retention and detention could be estimated. Knowledge of water retention and detention will improve the estimations of runoff and soil erosion modelling in catchments, such as those made with the LISEM model. The agricultural systems examined in this study have similar random roughness values in summer. Different soil erosion rates for several types of land use can not therefore be explained by the random roughness.     

玉兔号月球车巡视点矿物丰度及粒径分布高光谱反演

矿物的类型、丰度及其粒径分布对理解月球和行星表面曾经存在过怎样的地质演化过程具有重要的意义。本文提出基于辐射传输模型和稀疏分解模型反演矿物丰度及其粒径分布的方法,利用辐射传输模型计算各矿物端元不同粒径的单次散射反照率以构建解混光谱库,然后基于稀疏分解算法得到在每个可观测像元的端元最优丰度和粒径分布。利用实验室测量数据进行验证,表明本文方法具有较高的精度。最后根据玉兔号月球车的实地测量光谱数据,利用本文方法获得了其矿物的丰度及粒径分布,结果显示,辉石、橄榄石、斜长石、熔融玻璃和钛铁矿的丰度在4个观测点的平均丰度分别为28.1%、4.5%、39%、28%、0.4%,辉石的平均粒径为166.02μm,橄榄石为8.34μm,斜长石为196.31μm,熔融玻璃为44.21μm,一定程度上表明在这些观测点不同矿物对太空风化的响应不同。     

基于RANSAC的坐标系转换抗差算法研究

空间坐标转换在大地测量、工程测量等领域应用广泛.在利用公共点求解坐标转换参数时,针对公共点中混有多粗差点的情形,给出了基于罗德里格矩阵的坐标系转换模型,并在此基础上提出了基于随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)算法粗差剔除的坐标系转换抗差估计.最后利用仿真数据对该算法进行了验证,同时将该抗差算法与基于IGG3方案的最小二乘抗差估计算法进行了比较.算例结果表明,在20个仿真公共点数据中(仿真多组数据),当粗差点个数超过公共点总数的3/10时,基于IGG3方案的最小二乘抗差算法失效,而基于RANSAC的抗差算法在粗差点个数达到公共点总数的1/2时,依然能保证坐标转换的精度.该抗差算法将RANSAC算法的思想应用到坐标系转换上,有效地剔除了公共点中混有的大量粗差点.     

基于降雨的昆明水库蓄水模式分析及风险研究

根据昆明国家基准气候站1988~2017年的降雨资料,以昆明松华坝水库为例,运用统计、比较等方法,通过分析降雨时空分布特征、蓄水地理环境特征等因素,将昆明水库蓄水模式分为雨季降雨最佳蓄水模式、干旱背景蓄水模式、局地强降雨蓄水模式、秋季连阴雨降雨蓄水模式和冬季降雨降雪蓄水模式5种;从降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨范围3个方面对降雨蓄水风险进行评估,得出昆明由于降雨引发的蓄水风险相对小,蓄水较为安全;昆明可通过开展常态化人工增雨,增加库塘蓄水,同时加强生态环境建设,保护蓄水环境。     

气候变化和人类活动对长江流域水储量变化的影响研究

利用2002-08～2016-12 GRACE数据扣除泄漏影响得到的长江流域陆地水储量（TWS）变化,分析其时空变化特征和趋势。结果表明,在此期间长江流域TWS增速为0.13±0.12 cm/a;TWS变化大的区域,如泄漏改正后三峡库区TWS变化由约10 mm/a变为15~20 mm/a,并呈现更大的空间异质性。利用多种气象数据,从气候变化和人类活动角度深入研究长江流域水循环变化。结果表明,降水量与TWS变化在时间和空间上都具有较高的相关性,TWS变化延迟1~2个月;上游源头处温度是影响TWS变化的主导因素,温度升高加速了上游高山冰川融化,使TWS具有增长趋势;三峡工程的蓄水也导致TWS变化;ENSO是长江流域TWS变化的主要影响因素。     

基于FCM算法的BDS三频载波相位组合观测值优化选取

针对传统GNSS载波相位组合观测值选取过程中效率低、工作量大的问题,在对BDS三频载波相位组合观测值的波长标准、电离层延迟标准、观测噪声标准进行误差分析的基础上,以长波长、弱电离层、弱观测噪声标准作为聚类指标,采用模糊C均值聚类算法对BDS三频载波相位组合观测值进行优化分类选取,最后通过矩阵变换法和实测数据对优化组合进行整周模糊度解算,对组合模糊度方差-协方差阵以及历元间模糊度差值进行分析,证明该方法的可行性和可靠性。     

SiCp/Mg复合材料的制备及其阻尼特性研究

采用搅拌铸造法在真空度为200 Pa的条件下制备得到含有微量氧化物的SiCp/Mg复合材料,通过显微组织观察和动态热机械分析等对其阻尼特性进行了研究。结果表明,所制备的SiCp/Mg复合材料基体晶界处分布着附着有氧化物的网状结构,且随着SiCp含量的增加,网状结构增多,且分布更加分散。此结构增大了位错密度和晶粒界面滑移,位错脱钉和界面滑移在振动过程中耗能量增大,因此所制备的SiCp/Mg复合材料具有理想的阻尼性能。