Optimal spatial allocation of initial attack resources for firefighting in the republic of Korea using a scenario optimization model

【Title】

This study explores the optimal spatial allocation of initial attack resources for firefighting in the Republic of Korea. To improve the effectiveness of Korean initial attack resources with a range of policy goals, we create a scenario optimization model that minimizes the expected number of fires not receiving a predefined response. In this study, the predefined response indicates the number of firefighting resources that must arrive at a fire before the fire escapes and becomes a large fire. We use spatially explicit GIS-based information on the ecology, fire behavior, and economic characterizations important in Korea. The data include historical fire events in the Republic of Korea from 1991 to 2007, suppression costs, and spatial information on forest fire extent. Interviews with forest managers inform the range of we address in the decision model. Based on the geographic data, we conduct a sensitivity analysis by varying the parameters systematically. Information on the relative importance of the components of the settings helps us to identify “rules of thumb” for initial attack resource allocations in particular ecological and policy settings.     

基于海洋产业结构理论的海域资源配置分析

基于海洋产业结构理论,总结了我国海洋产业结构的发展趋向,分析了海域资源配置与海洋产业结构的关联,以及海洋产业结构对海域资源配置的影响。研究表明,我国海洋产业结构相对协调,但海洋传统产业占海洋产业的比重较高。在海域资源配置的过程中,应在发挥传统海洋产业优势的同时,积极引导新兴海洋产业的发展。     

Optimal spatial allocation of water resources based on Pareto ant colony algorithm

The spatial allocation of water resources is optimised using the multi-objective functions and multi-constrained conditions of the Pareto ant colony algorithm (PACA). The objective function is the highest benefit to the economy, society and the environment, while the constraints include water supply, demand and quality. The PACA is improved by limiting local pheromone scope and dynamically updating global pheromone levels. Since both strategies guide the ant towards borders of high-pheromone concentration, the new approach enhances the global search capability and convergence speed. Programming, database management and interface tools are then integrated into geographic information systems (GIS) software. The study area is located in Zhenping County, Henan Province, China, and water resource data are obtained using remote sensing (RS) and GIS technology. The improved PACA is solved in the GIS environment. Optimal spatial allocation schemes are obtained for surface, ground and transferred water and the model yields optimal spatial benefit schemes of water resources, embracing economic, social and ecological benefits. The results of improved PACA are superior to those of other intelligent optimisation algorithms, including the ant colony algorithm, multi-objective genetic algorithm and back-propagation artificial neural network. Therefore, the integration of RS, GIS and PACA can effectively optimise the large-scale, multi-objective allocation of water resources. The model also enhances the global search capability, convergence speed and result precision, and can potentially solve other optimal spatial problems with multi-objective functions.     

松潘—甘孜地区百年地震构造和现今动力学

研究区位于青藏高原的东北隅(96°～107°E,30°～35°N)。基于该地区长度大于2km的4 781条1∶20万数字化实测断裂、1900年以来的5 220条数字地震记录,以及野外地质观测数据,识别出993条不同属性的地震断层,构建了该地区百年地震构造格局。1970年以来十年期地震断层跃迁图像表明,自20世纪80年代中期白马—虎牙强烈震群爆发之后,地震活动在沿各主要走滑断层带自西(北西)向东(南东)迁移的同时,逐渐向中部贡玛—达曲断裂带和南部鲜水河断裂带的东南段集中。地震活动的断裂构造联系主要表现为挤压剪切转换机制和典型的楔顶效应。研究区165个GPS速度矢量展现了与3个地块和以鲜水河断裂带为主的速度域、速度梯度带和速度扰动区。跨研究区南缘鲜水河断裂带的位移速率因贡玛—达曲断裂带汇聚而达到了6.5～8.6mm/a,而跨北缘东昆仑断裂带的位移速度只有1.8～2.2mm/a。因鲜水河断裂走向在其中南段发生向南的急剧偏转,垂直断层面的位移矢量分量不断增强,形成了汶川8.0级地震成核及NE向单边破裂的动力学条件。     

The influence of natural variation in discharge on juvenile brown trout population dynamics in a nursery tributary of the Motueka River,New Zealand

The effects of natural flow variation on juvenile brown trout population dynamics were investigated by biannual sampling over 5.5 years in the Rainy River, a tributary of the Motueka River. A large flood in late March (50-year return period) substantially reduced the density (by 66%) and biomass (by 73%) of 0+ trout over autumn–spring, but the cohort responded with compensatory survival to achieve similar density and biomass by spring as in other years. A low-flow event in February–April (return period >8.4 years), when 7-day low flows fell to 56% of the 7-day mean annual low flow (MALF) and were less than the MALF for 46 days, had no adverse affect on the population. We found no evidence for density-dependent growth. However, there was strong evidence for a two-phase self-thinning response in density, with no self-thinning occurring over summer (i.e. the 0+ population remained below carrying capacity) until a threshold mass of 22.08 g (length=123.7 mm) was attained in autumn after which severe self-thinning took place over autumn to spring. The results indicate that over spring–autumn the population is insensitive to flow reduction and that over autumn–spring the effects of high (and probably low) flow events on local abundance and biomass are offset by compensatory (density-dependent) survival. However, effects on the contribution of migrants to the downstream population remain unknown. The study identified ecological redundancy, which could be exploited for flow allocation. Significantly, it has shown that minimum flows equivalent to the MALF (often advocated by New Zealand conservation and fisheries management organisations) are not always necessary for sustaining juvenile trout populations.     

济南市水资源概况及开发利用初探

综合分析济南的气候、自然、地理,尤其是水文地质条件,根据济南水资源基本特征与资源量,认为济南市水资源总量相对充足,水资源供求的突出矛盾集中体现为供水结构不合理、水资源开发利用不合理。结合济南市的水资源特征,制定了保障济南市水资源可持续利用方案及相应措施。     

刚果(金)铜钴矿业开发形势

本文简要论述了刚果(金)自然地理、铜钴地质概况,并对刚果(金)铜钴资源在全球铜钴资源储量中的地位和近年来铜钴全球供需情况,特别是中国对铜钴的客观实际需求情况进行了收集、统计分析。对刚果(金)的基础设施建设情况、矿业相关政策以及最近几年来刚果国家矿业公司、在刚果(金)投资铜钴矿开发的外国跨国矿业公司和中国矿业公司的发展情况进行了详细阐述,包括对引起投资者重要关注的矿业合同重新审查结果分析,最后总结分析并提出了进行全球配置资源的形式和在刚进行铜钴矿开发的机会和方式。     

黄河典型河段水量水质一体化调配模型

以黄河兰州至河口镇河段为研究对象,采用分解、协调、耦合和控制技术,通过数据实时传递与反馈实现水量水质的同步耦合,以河段取水量、断面下泄流量和水功能区水质指标为辨识参数实现调配目标的在线辨识与过程控制,建立具有循环迭代、在线反馈和滚动修正功能的水量水质一体化调配模型。以1956-2000年天然径流为输入,以2020水平年黄河上游需水和排污为例,通过优化提出河段水量水质一体化调配方案。结果表明,通过对取水量及其过程、污染物入河量与过程的协调控制,2020年水平河口镇以上河段地表耗水量125.2亿m3,低于黄河分水指标,COD和氨氮入河量控减率分别为50.6%和65.7%,水功能区水质达标率100%。模型可实现河段水量水质一体化调配。     

山地土地类型的结构分析与优化利用——以陕西秦岭山地为例

山地土地类型的多样性及其结构格局的序列性特征明显，相应地呈现出土地类型在空间、数量和质量等3个方面基本格局型式，格局分析能够揭示土地类型结构与功能的异质性及其有序性，从而为全面认识土地类型群体的生态属性与其演替规律提供重要的理论依据，同时为土地利用优化配置的实践提供科学指导，以陕西秦岭山地为例，进行了土地类型的结构分析，并根据山地类型结构格局的空间层次性、结构多级性和功能多元性的特点，提出了不同空间尺度下山地土地利用配置的模式及其优化利用方案。     

泾惠渠灌区配水管理决策支持系统研究

合理调配泾惠渠灌区水量,提高灌区灌溉效益。根据渠首来水量、含沙量与降雨情况,采取续灌调配水量、轮灌调配水量和应变调配水量三种方法。通过灌区配水管理决策支持系统在灌区的应用,三种水量调配方法提高了灌区供水调蓄能力,有效缓解灌溉用水供需矛盾。按不同情况调配水量,将有限的水资源进行合理分配,提高了水资源的利用率。