水分配网络综合研究

水分配网络(WAN)是特殊的质量交换网络(MEN).介绍了水分配网络综合的研究内容、方法和研究进展,并着重对其研究方法中的目标设定法和数学规划法详细介绍.指出今后应加强质量集成思想在水分配网络综合中的应用研究,进行能量集成和水分配网络集成相结合的全面的过程集成研究,以满足清洁生产、可持续发展战略思想的实施.     

秦王川地区城市发展布局可行性研究

从秦王川的自然条件,现有经济发展状况和基础设施水平以及建设投资分析几个方面论述了秦王川目前城市发展布局的可行性。     

人地关系与经济布局理论创新与突破——庆贺吴传钧院士80华诞

吴传钧先生是中外著名的杰出地理学家,曾荣任两届（１９８８～１９９６）国际地理联合会副主席,现连任中国地理学会理事长。在８０华诞之际,同时发表《人地关系与经济布局》、《现代经济地理学》和《中国经济地理》三部巨著,突出显现先生学术风采。先生的学术思想极其活跃,达到炉火纯青之境,不愧为当代中国地理学的大师。对于复兴人文地理学,先生发挥着关键性作用,建立了历史功勋。本文扼要地介绍先生的人地关系与经济布局的理论创新以及在地理学、尤其是人文地理学（含经济地理学、农业地理学、土地利用学、资源综合考察、国土整治与国土规划）和国际地理学术交流领域的杰出贡献。     

攀西自然资源的空间特征与生物资源开发布局

在分析攀西地区地貌类型、水资源及其结构以及气候类型、土壤类型、植被类型及空间特征基础上,从生物资源综合开发布局的指导思想、原则和目标任务出发,对攀西地区生物资源综合开发布局的层次结构、空间结构和空间组织进行系统的分析研究。生物资源开发布局层次性体现在:时间上、技术上、资源开发类型上和产品开发深度上。攀西生物资源开发布局的空间结构模式可以概括为2个中心、5个增长极、5个节点,1条主轴、2条扩展轴、6大片区。空间组织系统在时间序列上,从2003-2008年、2009-2015年、2016-2020年3个阶段逐步提高攀西生物资源开发布局水平,推进攀西生物资源开发产业化的延伸能力、持续能力、集聚能力和扩散能力。从空间序列上以安宁河谷综合开发这一主轴为依托,重点开发资源特色鲜明、开发条件优越并对生物资源开发全局产生重大影响的项目和区域,以国家重点生物资源开发项目与区域布局为先导,逐步开拓与扩展,最终形成一个既突出重点又顾及全局,节点系统合理、网络关系紧密,有层次、有时序的巨型带状生物资源开发时空组织系统。     

An optimized spatial-temporal-sectoral allocation model for water resources

The deficiency of water resources is limiting directly and severely the social-economic development and ecological environment protection in many regions, and has been exacerbated by rapid industrial growth and national and state agriculture production objectives. Recent national, provincial and local water reform efforts are also focusing on economic efficiency in water allocation. Mathematical modeling in advance is the requirement for scientific decision-making. Water allocation may have different objectives and bases, but in market economy and on the condition of national investment, we should mainly pursue the maximization of economic objectives, except the basic water guarantee for living, ecology and assuring basic production water use. The amount of allocated water is a multi-dimensional variable and can be optimized in many contexts due to differences in the definition of industrial structure, the technical level of production among different areas and the marginal revenues of water resources. Therefore, the problem of water allocation comes down to solving problems of spatial optimization. This paper presents an equating marginal revenue theory for spatial allocation of water resources: when the marginal revenues of water in all area have the same value, the economic benefit from water for all the intake areas reaches its maximum. When the local available water resources and the marginal revenue of water for all sub-areas are given, for different total water supply from outside, we may calculate the optimized dynamic allocation scheme, the sequence of water allocation starting and the economic benefit from the water allocation for different sub-areas, as well as the integrated maximum economic benefit from water utilization. The example of the six southern districts in Hebei province of China illustrates the feasibility of the theory and models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

山东省基础教育师资配置的时空格局与影响因素

以师生比为衡量指标,采用标准差、变异系数及探索性空间数据分析等方法对2000—2019年山东省基础教育阶段师资配置的时空格局与影响因素进行分析。结果表明:2000—2019年山东省小学师生比呈平缓波动趋势,中学师生比总体呈现上升趋势,且具有明显阶段性特征。山东省小学师生比空间过程呈现由“极核式”向“条带式”演变特征,高值区具有明显中心外围的圈层结构特征,鲁西南、鲁西北及鲁东南形成了低水平塌陷区;中学师生比空间上呈现不均衡向均衡迈进的趋势,高值区由多核心演变为单核心结构,低值区连片分布于鲁西南、鲁中、鲁东南及鲁北地区,且呈现半环带状圈层结构特征。山东省中小学师生比存在显著的空间俱乐部趋同特征,高值先导区以山东半岛为主,低值陷阱区分布于鲁西南和鲁北部分地区。教育政策与制度、人口结构变动、区域发展不均衡、空间近邻效应是基础教育师资配置差异的重要原因。     

基于河流健康及国际法的跨境水分配关键指标及阈值

基于前期研究中获得的8个河流健康主要评价指标、3个主要跨境水分配指标的结果以及指标之间的相关性,确定了河流健康和跨境水分配的关键指标：多年平均水量、最大取用水量和最小维持水量。跟踪查询《国际淡水条约数据库》内1864-2002年应用3个关键指标的38个国际条约及其所涉及28条国际河流的主要水文信息,通过对条约中水分配指标的标准化计算和分析,得到各指标阈值及其区域性特征：① 最小维持水量指标得到普遍应用,其次是多年平均水量指标,而最大取用水量指标应用率明显低于前两个指标。② 应用多年平均水量指标,在界河上基本确定了平均分配方案,阈值为50%;“内河”属性支流的阈值为100%;跨境河流上产生了较多的差额分配方案和较多的上游国用水多于下游国的方案。③ 最小维持水量指标,其应用有从发达地区向发展中地区扩展、从保证用水向维持生态用水发展的特点;当该指标在跨境和界河的河流尺度上用于保证供水时,该指标阈值平均分别为41.7%和50%,且流域国家实力对其影响极为明显,而在跨境河流河段尺度上阈值平均为36.1%;用于维持河道生态水量时,阈值平均为14.7%,并有逐步增长的趋势。     

城市居民非工作活动的家内外时间分配及影响因素——以北京上地—清河地区为例

中国各大城市交通供求不平衡的问题日益凸显,如何科学合理地分析、预测、引导交通出行需求已成为城市可持续发展的核心问题。西方对城市居民出行需求的研究已经由基于出行的分析转向基于活动的分析,并且认为家内/家外活动决策与出行需求的产生密切相关;而国内少有从家内/家外活动时间分配的视角透视居民出行需求的产生机理的研究。基于2012年北京市居民日常活动与交通出行调查所采集的第一手数据,本研究以北京上地—清河地区为例,构建结构方程模型,分析工作日与休息日家内/家外的非工作活动的时间分配特征及其影响因素,以此尝试对居民非工作出行需求的产生机理进行解读。研究表明：家内活动与家外活动之间存在显著的替代关系;家内/家外非工作活动时间分配受到工作与通勤时长、社会经济属性的影响,并且不同类型的非工作活动的家内/家外时间分配存在内生联系。研究结果将为居民出行需求预测与引导提供参考依据。     

Forecast and optimal allocation of production,living and ecology water consumption in Zhangye,China

The water crisis is one of three crises that are persecuting the world. China is among the countries that face severe water shortages. Water scarcity and water pollution have seriously affected China's sustainable development in terms of the economy and society. Water resources per capita of China is only one quarter of the world's average. In addition, about 70 percent of China's rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are affected by pollution. Due to limited water resources, a crucial issue for the sustainable development of the watershed is how to resolve the human/nature competition for water and how to achieve the coordinated development of the economy, society and ecology. On the basis of defining water consumption for production, living and ecology (WPLE), this paper proposes a framework for forecasting and optimally allocating WPLE. Using Zhangye, in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin as the case study area, we forecasted and optimally allocated WPLE under three development scenarios, i.e. the conventional development scenario (CDS), the economy-priority development scenario (EPDS) and the environmentally sustainable development scenario (ESDS). In 2010, the proportions of WPLE in Zhangye were 87.73%, 2.74% and 9.53%, respectively. In 2020, the proportions of WPLE will be 74.80%, 4.50% and 20.70% under the CDS, 76.16%, 5.27% and 18.57% under the EPDS, and 74.99%, 4.51% and 20.50% under the ESDS. In the future, the proportion of production water consumption of Zhangye will drastically decrease, while the proportion of ecological water consumption will significantly increase. The main contradiction of the co-evolution of WPLE of Zhangye is the competitiveness of production and living water consumption with ecological water consumption.     

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