DEMARCATION OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES OF SOUTHEASTERN TIBET: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPANSION MECHANISMS OF THE PLATEAU EDGE

The geomorphologic structure in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is one of the important indexes for the expansion and deep dynamic process of Tibet. There are two different understandings for the geomorphologic structure in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, i.e. gradual change and abrupt change. The gradient model suggests a gradual topographic reduction towards southeast which is an important evidence for the lower crust channel flow. The abrupt model considers that the southeast boundary of the plateau shows an abrupt change of topography in a zone of 50~200km wide which is controlled by the Yarlung-Yulong fault system. Here, we describe the morphotectonic feature in detail of the Sichuan-Yunnan block on the southeast edge of the plateau through the digital elevation model(DEM)analysis, further review the structural controls on the geomorphologic structure by combining the tectono-thermochronology analysis, and evaluate the southeastward spreading mode of the plateau. The topographic arithmetic progression ranking by using the DEM of the Sichuan-Yunnan block reveals three geomorphologic steps gradually lowering from the northwest to southeast. The switching of hypsometric integral(HI)value and the anomaly of SL/K value(where SL is stream length-gradient index and K is altitude of the profile)of river systems all occur on the edge of terraces. The high terrace is located on the north of Muli-Yulong with average elevation~4 200m; the secondary level of terrace extends to the Yanyuan-Lijiang area with average elevation~3 000m; and the third level is the region between the Jinhe-Qinghe and Anninghe with average elevation~1 800m. Structure investigation reveals that all the topographic boundaries between different terraces are consistent with regional major faults. The Muli thrust fault and Yulong thrust fault control the southeast edge of the high terrace, the Jinhe-Qinghe thrust fault separates the second and third level of terrace. The coincidence between topography boundaries and faults suggests that the formation of the stepped geomorphology on the southeast edge of the plateau were induced by the fault activities, reflecting the fault-controlled southeastward stepped-expanding mode of the plateau. The fission-track(FT)dating of the granites at the hanging wall of the Yuling-Muli Fault reveals fast uplift during~27~22Ma BP, reflecting the major thrusting along the Yulong-Muli Fault, which is consistent with the early-stage activity (~30~25Ma BP) of the Longmenshan Fault. Therefore, the high terrace was formed during the Oligocene to early Miocene with the thrusting of the Yulong-Muli Fault. Tectono-thermochronology analysis also reveals the major thrusting of the Jinhe-Qinghe Fault occurred during~18~11Ma BP, indicating the middle terrace was formed in the middle Miocene, which also could correspond to the middle Miocene(~15~10Ma BP) activity of the Longmenshan Fault. Therefore, the thrusting faults controlled stepped terrace geomorphologic structure and the stepwise expanding mode under combined movements of large-scale thrusts and strike-slip faults at the southeast edge of Tibetan Plateau during the late Cenozoic do not support the lower crust channel flow model.     

扬子地块东南古生代上升流沉积相及其与烃源岩的关系

长江中下游苏、皖、赣、鄂一带属古生代扬子地块被动大陆边缘的东南缘,通过该区64条古生界剖面的实测、分析和对比,得出该区古生界寒武、奥陶、志留、石炭和二叠系等地层中的黑色碳质页岩、硅质页岩、硅质条带和结核以及磷矿层和磷结核等沉积是古特提斯海中上升流作用形成的。上升流水体中富营养盐和SiO2,在古生代低纬度的扬子地块东南缘生物大量繁殖,引发缺氧事件,形成上述硅质和磷质沉积以及有机质丰富的烃源岩、石煤和磷矿层等,由于上升流水体富营养盐和SiO2,生物化石属种丰富,个体大,多营底栖或固着浅海底生活,硅质生物放射虫等丰富。区内烃源岩有机质与上升流的强度呈正相关关系,可见它们之间存在着成因联系。上古生界油气发现于苏北及南黄海,因而,这一区域是与上升流沉积有关的、最有利的油气勘探目标区。     

华蓥山地区天青石矿稀土元素地球化学特征

华蓥山地区天青石矿各类型天青石的稀土总量(∑REE)均较低,为轻稀土富集型。巨晶天青石和条带状矿石之白色条带状天青石具铕的正异常,为热卤水成因,层状和条带状矿石之暗色条带天青石具δ Eu的负异常,与碳酸盐岩围岩一致,为沉积成因。区内天青石、碳酸盐岩表现为δ Ce的轻度负异常或无异常,与该区早三叠世嘉陵江组沉积时期所处的含膏泻湖相沉积环境有关。     

Identifying large‐scale erosion and deposition processes from airborne gamma radiometrics and digital elevation models in a weathered landscape

Patterns of erosion and deposition are difficult to identify and measure at catchment and regional scale but it may be possible to infer their distribution from remote sensing using easily measured surrogate variables. Airborne geophysical surveys provide data on gamma ray emissions from surface and near‐surface material and allow estimation of K, Th and U content. Gamma ray signatures are largely determined by lithology but also change with weathering and with erosion and deposition, and may be used as a partial surrogate for those processes. Comparison of gamma ray signatures with topographic characteristics closely related to sediment transport capacity, downstream sorting of sediments, and the extent of erosion and deposition shows strong linkages. Studies in four small catchments in southeastern Australia indicate that K consistently increases as slopes become steeper while Th and U may either increase or decrease. This suggests the presence of fresh rock rather than weathered material and implies removal of material by erosion, although some patterns may result from systematic changes in lithology across catchments. Analysis by lithology confirms the increase in K with slope in granites, metamorphosed sediments and basalt, and also shows a tendency for U to decrease with slope in the granites and basalt. Gamma ray emissions vary only slightly with catchment area (a surrogate measure of water discharge) suggesting that water erosion is limited or that discharge is not closely related to area. Gamma radiometric profiles down hillslopes, averaged across the full range of gradients, show that, in most cases, radioelements initially decrease, probably reflecting increased weathering, but then increase close to valley floors because of accumulation of fine sediments. Analysis by lithology confirms the increase in radioelements close to valley floors in granites and metamorphosed sediments but the trend is less clear in basalt. Gamma ray profiles down floodplains are variable and indicate the amount of deposition and accumulation of weathered material in valley openings and exposure of bedrock in valley constrictions. Simple erosion and deposition models, based on the conservation of mass equation, and applied to the four catchments, show that all radioelements increase as the potential for deposition increases. They reach a low point in zones of no net erosion or deposition and subsequently increase as erosion becomes more intense and weathered material is lost from slopes. Analysis by lithology largely confirms this pattern. The usefulness of airborne geophysical survey data is limited by flight line spacing with most data being flown at a 200–400 m spacing in Australia. However, general trends in erosion and deposition can still be distinguished and there is capacity for calibrating long‐term erosion and deposition models once better approaches to interpretation of gamma ray data have been developed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黔东南平秋金矿成因研究:来自氢、氧、硫同位素的制约

黔东南地处江南造山带西南段雪峰隆起西南端,区内金矿床(点)广布,是湘黔金矿集中区的重要组成部分.平秋金矿是该区金矿床的典型代表,其矿体产于下江群番召组浅变质火山-沉积岩,严格受北东向断裂褶皱控制.为理清其成因,对平秋金矿床含矿石英脉中的石英包裹体进行了氢、氧同位素测试.结果显示,其δD为-51.3‰～-59‰,818O...     

基于机器学习的长江重庆航道雾情特征提取

基于2018—2020年长江沿线26个自动气象监测站的逐5 min能见度监测数据、重庆海事管辖水域资料和长江航道基础地理信息,利用K-Means、DTW、PCA等机器学习算法,分析了长江重庆航道雾情的时空分布、时序形态等特征。结果表明：长江重庆航道雾情过程高发区域是涪陵-忠县水域,长寿及上游水域次之;江面雾情过程较高频率出现在夏季的6月、7月,冬季较之偏少,大部分的雾情过程时长均在1 h内,多在夜间生成及结束;不同时间长度的雾情过程具有不同的时序形态特征,当时长不足27 h时,主要表征能见度下降过程的信号,超过27 h的过程则主要表征能见度回升阶段信号,“象鼻形”先期振荡信号随着雾情过程时长的加大而进一步增强。     

南海东南部中生界识别及其构造属性

正确识别南海东南部中生界及其分布,对认识南海形成演化和油气资源潜力具有重要意义。受资料条件约束和地层系统划分差异的影响,南海东南部中生界分布和构造特征一直存在争议。本文在钻井、拖网约束下,通过井震对比、地震反射特征、层速度分析、岩浆岩体与地层接触关系和构造变形特征来综合识别中生界。结果表明,中生界呈平行、连续、低频的反射特征,层速度3400~4200 m/s,随着埋深或（和）变质程度增强,层速度增大（4500~5500 m/s）,反射波组模糊,多数未见明显底界反射。研究区中生代地层发育局限,地震反射波组特征明显,但较难进行区域对比和解释。其中,西北、西南巴拉望盆地、礼乐滩和安渡北盆地中生界呈现低角度掀斜或近水平层状;礼乐滩西南部九章盆地中生界层速度3500~4500 m/s,高于上覆新生界,与钻井层速度吻合,地层呈高角度掀斜或挠曲变形,可能与岩浆活动侵位相关。结合中生代火山弧和识别的岩体分布,推测前者零散分布在弧前盆地靠火山弧一侧,构造活动相对弱,后者分布于岩浆活动强烈的弧间盆地。     

三峡地区石柱县陶家坝滑坡体物性特征及稳定性研究

对三峡库区石柱县陶家坝滑坡体的物性特征及稳定性的研究,目的是为库区三期地质灾害的勘察与治理提供参考依据。通过对该滑坡体的工程地质勘察（以钻探手段为主）,取得了滑坡体的各种岩性物理学性质的一系列参数。同时采用传递系数法,分不同类型的工况条件进行稳定性系数和推力计算。具体分下面几种情况：1）天然状态下;2）连续高强度降雨状态下;3）降雨加地震作用状态下。研究上述三种情况在库区二期蓄水将滑坡体部分淹没状态下所引起的变化情况,得出的结论是：天然状态下,滑坡体稳定系数为1．58～1．65,为稳定状态;但在出现连续高强度降雨情况下,滑坡体稳定系数为1．03～106,滑坡欠稳定;若形成暴雨与地震的叠加作用,滑坡体稳定系数变为1.02,滑坡体处于不稳定状态。     

重庆市洪涝灾害管理体系的构建

从重庆市洪涝灾害情况及其管理现状分析入手,构建了重庆市洪涝灾害管理体系。管理体系主要由6个模块组成：监测、预报、预防、应急反应、救援和援建模块,通过一定的数据接口连接,在GIS平台上成为一体化系统,对洪涝灾害进行有效的管理和监测,从而减少洪涝灾害带来的经济损失。     

黔东南坑头金矿床热液蚀变特征及成矿过程研究

黔东南金成矿区位于江南造山带金成矿省的西南端,成矿条件优越。坑头金矿床是黔东南金成矿区的一个中型矿床,在其深部找矿中,发现除石英脉型矿体外,还存在蚀变岩型矿体。然而,这种蚀变岩型矿体的构造形态、蚀变类型、与石英脉型矿体之间关系和金的赋存状态尚不清楚。本研究与当前的勘查工作紧密结合,围绕石英脉型矿体和新发现的蚀变岩型矿体为研究切入点,借助微区分析技术(扫描电镜和电子探针)进行系统的“流体-蚀变-成矿”研究。蚀变矿物金红石矿物化学显示为热液成因,具有典型造山型金矿床的金红石标型特征。围岩的沉积-成岩过程(包括低级变质作用过程),主要形成了草莓状黄铁矿和含铁碳酸盐岩,为后期含金硫化物(黄铁矿和毒砂)的形成提供物质基础(如Fe)。金的成矿富集过程主要经历了绢云母+毒砂+黄铁矿+石英(Ser+Apy+Py+Qtz)阶段、黄铁矿+毒砂+石英(Py+Apy+Qtz)阶段和自然金+石英(Au⁰+Qtz)阶段。在Ser+Apy+Py+Qtz阶段,主要表现为含矿流体与围岩的初级交代,形成大量浸染状黄铁矿+毒砂的硫化带;Py+Apy+Qtz阶段主要为流体沿着剪切带再交代,形成蚀变岩型矿...