重庆喀斯特地区土地覆被类型对土壤特征的影响

1 Introduction The karst region of Southwest China, with Guizhou Province as the center, extends across Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Hunan Province, Hubei Province, and Guangdong Province, coveri…     

重庆市酸雨分布特征

用重庆市35个站高密度降水pH值监测资料,分析了重庆市最近3年降水pH值的时空分布特征.结果表明,重庆市大部分地区都存在酸雨现象,局部地区很严重.近3年来绝大部分地区的pH值都低于4.5,整个重庆市降水平均pH值为4.07.其中西部和东南部为低值区域,中部和东北部为高值区域.重庆市较强酸雨以上强度的降水出现频率较高.整个重庆地区酸雨频率为84.05%,较强酸雨频率为27.42%,强酸雨频率为26.23%;重庆主城区酸雨频率为95.42%.较强酸雨频率为39.54%,强酸雨频率为23.86%.重庆市各季节中秋、冬季出现强酸雨的频率高于春、夏季.重庆市各区域各季节的降水pH平均值均低于4.5.其中西部和东南部大部分时段的pH值都低于4.0.各区域降水pH值还存在着季节变化,秋、冬季的pH值普遍低于春、夏季的pH值.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTI-SCALE GRAVITY FIELD VARIATION AND SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

As the most basic geophysical field, the earth gravity field has achieved wide attention, and its spatial anomaly characteristics and dynamic variation can provide important scientific basis for studying the internal structure and dynamics of the Earth. Based on the mobile gravity observation data of the southeastern Tibetan plateau from 2013 to 2016, the dynamic variation tendency and anomaly characteristics of the regional gravity field in different temporal resolutions are obtained before and after the Ludian and Jinggu earthquakes in the study area respectively. The method of wavelet multi-scale decomposition is used to analyze the relationships of gravity field variation with the earth movement, material density change, and strong earthquake preparation. The deep material variation, dynamic process and the mechanism of earthquake inoculation in the southeastern Tibetan plateau are further discussed. Results indicate that the gravity field variation in the source region before the Ludian and Jinggu earthquake respectively is characterized by obvious positive and negative anomalous transition zone and gradient zone that are consistent with the direction of fault tectonics, suggesting the strong crustal movement and mass migration during the earthquake incubation period. The result of wavelet multi-scale decomposition of the gravity field during the period from September 2013 to April 2014 shows that the gravity field variation at different depth and space scale in the crust and upper mantle of the southeastern Tibetan plateau is significantly correlated with seismic distribution and the location of active fault zone. This indicates that the earthquake inoculation in the study area is closely related to the fault movement and the distribution of material density in the crust and upper mantle, which may be affected by the complex deep dynamic process of the material migration in the crust and mantle. The characteristic that strong earthquakes always occur near positive and negative anomaly transition zones and gradient zones of gravity field change is preliminarily explained, based on the dynamic process of material migration in the crust and upper mantle of the southeastern Tibetan plateau. The research results of this paper have some reference value to the study on the earth movement and seismogenic mechanism.     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATION(CPO) OF ANISOTROPIC MINERALS IN THE LITHOSPHERE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY OFLITHOSPHERE DYNAMICS

Seismic anisotropy has been widely used to constrain deformation and mantle flow within the upper mantle of the Earth's interior, and is mainly affected by crystallographic preferred orientation(CPO)of anisotropic mineral in lithosphere. Anisotropy of peridotites caused by deformation is the main source of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Olivine is the most abundant and easily deformed mineral to form CPO in peridotite, thus the CPO of olivine controls seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Based on simple shear experiments and studies of natural peridotites deformation, several CPO types of olivine have been identified, including A, B, C, D, E and AG-type. Studies on the deformation of olivine have shown that the CPO of olivine is mainly related to stress, water content, temperature, pressure, partial melting and melt/fluid percolation. Most of the seismic anisotropy has been explained by the A-type olivine CPO in the upper mantle, which is commonly found in upper-mantle peridotites and produced by the simple shear in dry conditions. Previous studies showed that anisotropy was attributed to the CPO of mica and amphibole in the middle-lower crust. The comparison between mantle anisotropy calculated from mineral CPO and regional anisotropy deduced from geophysical methods is therefore particularly useful for interpreting the deformation mechanisms and geodynamic processes which affect the upper mantle in different tectonic units such as subduction system, continental rift and continental collision zone in the world. The paper summarizes the characteristics of CPO and anisotropy of major anisotropic minerals in the upper mantle. Taking the lithosphere mantle xenoliths in the southeastern Tibetan plateau as an example, we perform detailed studies on the microstructures and seismic anisotropy to better understand the deformation mechanisms and upper mantle anisotropy in this region. Results show that the CPO of olivine in peridotite xenoliths in southeastern Tibetan plateau are A-type and AG-type. The mechanisms proposed for the formation of AG-type are different from that for the A-type. Therefore, the occurrence of AG-type olivine CPO pattern suggests that this CPO may record a change in deformation mechanism and tectonic environment of the lithosphere in southeastern Tibetan plateau. Provided that the strong SKS(shear wave splitting)observed in southeastern Tibetan plateau results from lithosphere mantle, the lithosphere mantle in this region is expected to be at least 130km thick and characterized by vertical foliation. Considering that the thickness of lithosphere in southeastern Tibetan plateau is much less than 130km and the lithosphere mantle cannot explain the anisotropy measured by SKS, other anisotropy sources should be considered, such as anisotropy in the asthenosphere and the oriented melt pockets(MPO)in the upper mantle. Therefore, detailed study of CPO of anisotropic mineral is essential for constraining geophysical measurements and analyzing the dynamic process of the lithosphere reasonably.     

3D <Emphasis Type="Italic">v</Emphasis><Subscript>P</Subscript> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">v</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript> models of southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from joint inversion of body-wave arrival times and surface-wave dispersion data

A new 3D velocity model of the crust and upper mantle in the southeastern (SE) margin of the Tibetan plateau was obtained by joint inversion of body- and surface-wave data. For the body-wave data, we used 7190 events recorded by 102 stations in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The surface-wave data consist of Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves obtained from ambient noise cross-correlation analysis recorded by a dense array in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The joint inversion clearly improves the v _S model because it is constrained by both data types. The results show that at around 10 km depth there are two low-velocity anomalies embedded within three high-velocity bodies along the Longmenshan fault system. These high-velocity bodies correspond well with the Precambrian massifs, and the two located to the northeast of 2013 M _S 7.0 Lushan earthquake are associated with high fault slip areas during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The aftershock gap between 2013 Lushan earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is associated with low-velocity anomalies, which also acts as a barrier zone for ruptures of two earthquakes. Generally large earthquakes (M ≥ 5) in the region occurring from 2008 to 2015 are located around the high-velocity zones, indicating that they may act as asperities for these large earthquakes. Joint inversion results also clearly show that there exist low-velocity or weak zones in the mid-lower crust, which are not evenly distributed beneath the SE margin of Tibetan plateau.     

基于改进两步移动搜索法的北碚区医疗设施空间可达性分析

针对当前医疗资源分布不均问题,本文以重庆市北碚区为例,以行政村为最小研究单元,借助GIS空间分析技术,将多级半径和高斯距离衰减函数相结合来改进两步移动搜索法,对北碚区医疗设施空间可达性进行研究。结果表明：① 改进两步移动搜索法综合考虑了医院等级规模对居民的吸引力、距离衰减因素对居民出行意愿的影响等因素,在识别高可达性区域内部差异和边缘低可达性区域方面具有较高的敏感性,因此其计算结果能够更准确地刻画北碚区的医疗设施空间可达性特征;② 北碚区整体医疗设施空间可达性较好,呈现由中心向四周递减的特征;③ 借助冷热点分析发现北碚区医疗设施可达性空间差异大,两极分异显著,高值区主要集中在东阳街道、朝阳街道、天生街道、北温泉街道和龙凤桥街道等中心城区,低值区主要集中在金刀峡镇、柳荫镇、三圣镇、复兴街道和静观镇等边缘地区。研究结果可为相关部门制定决策规划提供依据。     

青藏高原东南缘壳幔力学耦合及其动力学意义

现代大陆动力学及构造学研究认为,壳内软弱带控制着地壳与地幔间相互作用的强弱,制约岩石圈层间的耦合关系,同时也影响地块的相互作用方式。这种耦合作用可以通过比较不同深度的形变和应力的相关特征来分析。青藏高原东南缘20～35 km的深度广泛存在低速带,有可能在现今地震及构造活动区内由壳内部分熔融承担了潜在的解耦功能。基于1999～2015年GPS坐标时间序列数据得到速度场,结合前人给出的SKS剪切波分裂数据,分析该区水平方向形变耦合特征;同时搜集莫霍面和岩石圈底面形变数据,给出垂向上的形变耦合特征。利用EGM2008重力模型的11～36阶球谐系数计算青藏高原东南缘岩石圈底面地幔对流应力场;搜集并整理2000年至今的1 131个震源机制解数据,采用区域应力张量阻尼反演法得到该区多震层应力场;进一步分析两种应力场的相关性。在ABAQUS软件中建立青藏高原东南缘岩石圈三维粘弹性有限元模型,同时加入上地壳的边界位移约束条件和底面地幔对流拖曳力加载条件,分别对水平方向和垂直方向的应力应变作分析,并给出强震剖面结果,探讨壳幔耦合强震孕育机制,据此分析青藏高原东南缘各个断层的地震危险性。研究认为,应力的不均匀发展是应变能积累的关键,同时垂向上圈层间的耦合关系极大地影响块体间的作用方式;壳内软弱带广泛发育的块体应力出现分层现象,边缘区域横向纵向应力变化明显,与之接触的上伏地壳地震危险性较高。     

2010～2017年重庆两江新区职住空间时空演化特征分析

以重庆两江新区为研究区,利用地理国情数据、高分辨率卫星遥感影像结合城市规划资料,提取新区2010年、2012年、2015年、2017年4个年度的就业空间和居住空间数据。从数量变化、空间拓展热度、质心演变、分异特征等方面,定量分析2010年以来重庆两江新区职住空间格局与时空演化特征。分析结果表明:①数量变化方面,新区职住空间不断拓展,就业空间年均增速稳中略降,居住空间年均增速逐年提升;②空间格局上,职住空间差异较大,就业空间条带状分布明显,居住空间呈“两核多点”分布特征;③空间演化特征上,就业空间东拓北进趋势明显,居住空间中部、西部集约化发展;④职住平衡方面,新区职住空间偏离程度呈先减少后增加的趋势,总体呈现职住进一步分离。     

东南太平洋秘鲁鳀资源量预报模型的构建

秘鲁鳀（Engraulis ringens）是栖息于东南太平洋沿岸的一种小型中上层鱼类。有效地对秘鲁鳀资源量进行预报将有助于为我国鱼粉进口企业提供决策支撑。为此,本研究结合秘鲁鳀生物（上一个渔汛季度的资源量、渔获物中的幼鱼比例）和环境（渔场水温和nino1+2区的温度距平）因素及捕捞量为预报因子,利用主成分分析和多元线性回归的方法对17个渔汛季度（2006年至2014年第一渔汛季度）秘鲁鳀的资源量建立预报模型并利用主成分分析的结果对影响秘鲁鳀资源变动的因子进行初步评价。研究表明,随着时间的推移样本量的增加,模型拟合资源量与真实资源量的平均相对误差逐渐下降,拟合资源量序列与真实资源量序列的相关系数逐渐增加。最终模型5（建模数据为2006-2013年第二渔汛季度的数据,验证数据为2014年第一渔汛季度的数据）能够很好地拟合出秘鲁鳀资源量的大小及变动趋势拟合资源量序列与真实资源量序列的相关系数为0.861;拟合资源量序列与真实资源量序列的平均相对误差为12%;预报得到的2014年第一渔汛季度的数据与真实值相比,相对误差为1%。结合主成分分析的结果对影响秘鲁鳀资源变动的因素进行评价结果表明,第一主成分的方差贡献率为46%,其中环境因素占据了最大的载荷;第二主成分的方差贡献率为23%,同样环境因素占据了最大载荷,但是,排名第二和第三的因素分别是上一个渔汛季度的资源量和捕捞量,其载荷相当;第三和第四主成分的方差贡献率分别为9%和7%,其中幼鱼比例占的载荷最大。根据各主成分得分序列与资源量序列的相关系数结果,环境因子对秘鲁鳀资源变动有重要影响。     

基于宜出行大数据的多中心空间结构分析——以重庆主城区为例

多中心已成为中国大多数城市的空间发展战略,多中心结构的有效识别对于规划效果评价、规划策略制定具有重要意义。相比于百度热力与手机信令数据,腾讯宜出行数据具有时空分辨率高、获取成本低的优点,可精细比较城市主副中心的人口集聚能力,为多中心结构的动态识别提供新的手段。论文以重庆主城区为例,基于连续一周的宜出行热力数据,利用核密度分析等方法,识别其多中心城市结构、影响范围与组团发育情况。结果表明：作为山地城市,重庆在自然限制、经济驱动与规划引导下主动选择了“多中心、组团式”结构。重庆内环以内的各个城市中心人口高度集聚、用地规模相近、发育相对成熟,并强于内环以外的副中心。研究指出,西永、茶园副中心及外围组团的发展与人口集聚能力有待提高。