Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part two: Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution

A tectonics sedimentation evolution has been researched in Southeast Chongqing, and the reasonable Longmaxi shale highstand system tract (HST) and transgressive system tract (TST) geological model were built respectively based on the rock mechanical test and acoustic emission experiment which the samples are from field outcrop and the Yuye-1 well. The Longmaxi shale two-dimension tectonic stress field during the Cenozoic was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of fractures was predicted. The research results show that the tectonic stress field and the distribution of fractures were controlled by lithology and structure. As a result of Cretaceous movement, there are trough-like folds (wide spaced synclines), battlement-like folds (similar spaces between synclines and anticlines) and ejective folds (wide spaced anticlines), which are regularly distributed from southeast to northwest in the study area. Since the strain rate and other physical factors such as the viscosity are not taken into account, and the stress intensity is the main factor that determines the tectonic strength. Therefore, the stronger tectonic strength leads the higher stress intensity in the eastern and southeastern study area than in the northwest. The fracture zones are mainly concentrated in the fold axis, transition locations of faults and folds, the regions where are adjacent to faults. The fragile mineral contents (such as siliceous rock, carbonate rock and feldspar) in the shelf facies shale from south of the study area are higher than in the bathyal facies and abyssal facies shale from center of the study area. The shales characterized by low Poisson’s ratio and high elastic modulus from south of the study area are easily broken during Cenozoic orogenic movement.     

Avulsion regimes in southeast Texas rivers

Avulsions – relatively sudden changes in course, or establishment of new anabranches – are an important process in alluvial rivers. Their key role in floodplain construction and alluvial architecture, and the general conditions favouring avulsions, are well known. However, avulsion processes and evolution, and the factors controlling avulsion regimes, are poorly understood. In the southeast Texas coastal plain, where avulsions are common features of the river valleys, avulsions were studied on the lower Brazos, Navasota, Trinity, Neches and Sabine rivers using a combination of aerial imagery, digital elevation models and field surveys. Avulsions have important influences on the surface morphology and contemporary processes in all five rivers. Features associated with avulsions are active and distinct throughout the study area, and all the rivers have experienced geologically (if not historically) recent avulsions. However, no two of the study rivers have the same contemporary avulsion regime. First‐order differences in avulsion style are controlled by the stage of valley filling, and within the three rivers characterized by an unfilled incised valley, antecedent morphology associated with late Quaternary and Holocene coastal and fluvial‐deltaic processes accounts for the major differences. In the Navasota (27 avulsions in 185 km) and Neches (21 in 340 km) rivers, subchannels associated with avulsions exist in all stages of development from active to infilled, and some have occurred in recent decades. The other rivers have fewer avulsions, but both the Sabine and Trinity have experienced historic channel shifts. Only the Brazos River has experienced no avulsions within the past c. 300 years. Results show that even within a region of similar environmental controls and geological history local variations in inherited morphology can result in different avulsion regimes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

First record of contourites from Lower Devonian Liptrap Formation in southeast Australia

Typical contourite deposits associated with submarine turbidite fan deposits are recognized for the first time from the Lower Devonian Liptrap Formation at Cape Liatrap, Victoria in southeast Australia. The contourites are well integrated within the turbidite fan deposits and are characterized by thin (5-8 cm), lenticular, well-sorted coarse-grained siltstones to fine-grained sandstones with current-ripples and cross beddings. The palaeocurrent directions of the turbidite fan and contourites are perpendicular to each other, with the former directed generally westward while the latter varying from 165° to 190° southward. In view of the facies types and architecture, we suggest that the turbidite fan was developed at the base of a westward inclined palaeo-slope, at the front of which the contourites were deposited as a result of southward flowing deep-sea contour (geostrophic) currents. The depositional setting inter- preted for the Liptrap Formation thus may provide a provisional model for the Lower Devonian conti- nental slope and abyssal basin environment in the southeastern part of the Melbourne Trough.     

Newly-generated Daliangshan Fault Zone—Shortcutting on the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system

The Daliangshan fault zone is the eastern branch in the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. It has been neglected for a long time, partly because of no destructive earthquake records along this fault zone. On the other hand, it is located on the remote and inaccessible plateau. So far it was excluded as part of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. Based on the interpretation of aerophotographs and field investigations, we document this fault zone in detail, and give an estimation of strike-slip rate about 3 mm/a in Late Quaternary together with age dating data. The results suggest that the Daliangshan fault zone is a newly-generated fault zone resulted from shortcutting in the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system because of the clockwise rotation of the Southeastern Tibetan Crustal Block, which is bounded by the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. Moreover, the shortcutting may make the Daliangshan fault zone replace the Anninghe and Zemuhe fault zones gradually, and finally, the later two fault zones will probably die out with the continuous clockwise rotation.     

重庆市岩溶区县土地利用景观破碎化及土壤侵蚀影响评价

根据重庆岩溶区县土地利用景观破碎情况,采用双向指示种分析法和除趋势典范对应分析法对研究区县及各土地利用类型进行分类和排序,揭示其空间分布的景观生态学意义及土壤侵蚀对土地利用景观破碎化的影响。根据分析结果, 可将研究区22种土地利用类型分为未利用地、平原耕地、山地耕地和灌草地4大类;可将研究区25个区县样方可分为低脆弱剧烈破碎区;低脆弱极强破碎区;低脆弱强破碎区;中脆弱中强破碎区;重脆弱中破碎区;重脆弱轻破碎区;中脆弱微破碎区7个样方群,空间上它们分属于渝东部、渝中部和渝西部3个区域,其土壤侵蚀性从东往西逐渐减弱。除趋势典范对应分析结果表明,较强的土壤侵蚀会加剧土地利用景观的破碎化,加剧破碎化的强度同土壤侵蚀等级呈现出相反的趋势。      

假等称笔石(Pseudisograptus)在桂东南的发现

1996— 1 997年间笔者曾多次鉴定广西区域调查研究院送来的化石标本 ,其中有些化石采自广西东南边陲的博白县龙潭镇以东的六角田 ,产出于曾被归属志留系的一套轻变质的灰黑色泥岩中 ,因受加里东期花岗岩体侵入的影响 ,所送标本受到轻度变质的作用 ,保存极差 ,且数量不足。化石丰度不高 ,其中主要是一些对笔石类断枝 ,能作确切鉴定的只有一种假等称笔石即剑柄假等称笔石哈氏亚种( Pseudisograptus mamubriatus harris Cooper &Ni)。假等称笔石属地质历程短 ,在澳大利亚相当发育 ,产出层位为 Castlemainian阶上部至 Yapeenian阶 ,大致可与英…     

三峡水库重庆段一级支流回水河段富营养化潜势研究

本文采用箱模型法分析三峡水库蓄水对重庆段主要一级支流回水河段富营养化的影响。结果表明,对于所预测的2010年以前的污染负荷水平,由于回水段平均水深达到15m左右,三峡水库重庆段主要支流回水段整体上不会出现富营养化现象;但对于水深小于1m的库岸附近,可能出现局部富营养化。根据日本国立公害研究所的富营养化指标的标准,当总磷(TP)浓度在0.05mg/L-0.11mg/L区间时,属于中-富营养。由于三峡水库一些支流回水段的TP浓度肯定超过0.05mg/L,虽然还达不到富营养的程度,但也已接近富营养化     

100hPa环流变化与川渝地区旱涝异常分析

应用ＳＶＤ技术,诊断分析了北半球１００ｈＰａ高度场与川渝地区夏季降水的关系。结果表明：高度场与降水场具有密切的时空相关性,第一模态反映了两场间的主要耦合特征;南亚高压活动地区前期１０～１２月、１～４月高度场变化,通过影响未来夏季南亚高压强度、位置,导致川渝地区夏季旱涝异常。高度场与降水场的这种非同步联系,物理意义明确,时空相关显著,是一种有价值的预测川渝地区夏季旱涝异常的强信号。     

重庆酉阳坝竹坨汞、铅锌矿床地质特征及成因分析

酉阳坝竹坨汞、铅锌矿叠生并主要呈似层状和脉状产于中寒武统高台组、石冷水组白云岩中,矿石矿物组合简单,主要有辰砂、方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石、白云石、石英、重晶石、萤石等。矿床主要受地层、岩性及构造的控制。矿床为多期热液成矿。