昆明市碳源碳汇结构变化及其驱动因子研究

基于碳平衡理论,通过综合分析城市区域内主要自然生态系统的固碳功能,以及主要社会经济活动的排碳行为,构建了城市碳平衡分析模型,并以昆明市为例进行了研究。结果表明:昆明市碳收支不平衡,碳汇对碳源的抵消作用很弱;并且随着社会经济的发展这种不平衡状况在加剧,2010年,昆明市碳平衡系数为1.90,即城市释碳量是固碳量的1.90倍;碳供需余缺(释碳量-固碳量)达到1565.35×104t/a。产值增长是碳排放增加的主要动力,而能源强度下降、能源结构和产业结构调整是减缓碳排放的主要动力。     

An exploratory analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of the ecological status of the Upper Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

This study presents findings of the first systematic analysis of aquatic biotic assemblages in the source region of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It provides an initial basis with which to select representative organisms as indicators to assess the aquatic ecological status of rivers in this region. Macroinvertebrates are considered to be good indicators of long-term environmental changes due to their restricted range and persistence over time. Field investigations of macroinvertebrates were conducted in August 2009 in the source region of the Yellow River, and in July 2010 in the source region of the Yangtze River. Altogether 68 taxa of macroinvertebrates belonging to 29 families and 59 genera were identified. Among them were 8 annelids, 5 mollusks, 54 arthropods and 1 other animal. In the source region of the Yellow River, taxa number, density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were 50, 329 individuals m2 and 0.3966 g dry weight m2, respectively. Equivalent figures for the source region of the Yangtze River were 29, 59 individuals m2 and 0.0307 g dry weight m-2. The lower benthic animal resources in the source region of the Yangtze River are ascribed to higher altitude, higher sediment concentration and wetland degradation. Preliminary findings of this exploratory study indicate that hydroelectric power stations had a weak impact on benthic dwellers but wetland degradation caused by a series of human activities had a catastrophic impact on survival of macroinvertebrates. Ecological protection measures such as conservative grazing and vegetation management are required to minimize grassland degradation and desertification, and reduce soil erosion rate and river sediment discharge.     

Community-based production of geographic information using open source software and Web 2.0

This article presents an innovative approach to citizen-led production of Web-based geographic information where new and/or existing digital map features are linked to annotations or commentary and citizens engage in synchronous and/or asynchronous discussion. The article discusses the relationship of the approach to public participation geographic information systems (PPGISs) and the emerging challenges associated with volunteered geographic information. A custom-developed, open source software tool named MapChat is used to facilitate the citizen inputs and discussions. The information generated from applying the approach through a series of community workshops is presented and discussed in light of current issues in PPGIS and volunteered geographic information research.     

Sediment fingerprinting in fluvial systems： review of tracers,sediment sources and mixing models

Suspended sediments in fluvial systems originate from a myriad of diffuse and point sources, with the relative contribution from each source varying over time and space. The process of sediment fingerprinting focuses on developing methods that enable discrete sediment sources to be identified from a composite sample of suspended material. This review identifies existing methodological steps for sediment fingerprinting including fluvial and source sampling, and critically compares biogeochemical and physical tracers used in fingerprinting studies. Implications of applying different mixing models to the same source data are explored using data from 41 catchments across Europe, Africa, Australia, Asia, and North and South America. The application of seven commonly used mixing models to two case studies from the US （North Fork Broad River watershed） and France （Bldone watershed） with local and global （genetic algorithm） optimization methods identified all outputs remained in the acceptable range of error defined by the original authors. We propose future sediment fingerprinting studies use models that combine the best explanatory parameters provided by the modified Collins （using correction factors） and Hughes （relying on iterations involving all data, and not only their mean values） models with optimization using genetic algorithms to best predict the relative contribution of sediment sources to fluvial systems.     

Petrography of alluvial sands as a past and present environmental indicator: Case of the Loire River (France)

Four sample sets of the Upper and Middle Loire river sands were analyzed in order to study the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on their petrographic composition in space (on an 800 km stretch) and time. Composition was determined by modal analysis of three sand-size fractions using a polarizing optical microscope and calculated for each sample (“standard sand” = Sst). The watershed is composed mainly of endogenic (Massif Central) and sedimentary (southern Parisian Basin) rocks. B-set sands collected in channels for different water flows in 1996 show that Sst compositions vary by only 5 %. Present-day sands in the Upper Loire and Middle Loire have very high petrographic immaturity comparing to others worldwide fluvial sands, although bio-climatic conditions favor sand maturation by source-rock weathering in the watershed. This shows the strong impact of the Massif Central on sediment yield due to relief rejuvenation as a consequence of the formation of the Alps during the Quaternary. Fluvial sands stored during the Weichselian and the Holocene in the Middle Loire floodplain, although partly weathered since their deposition, show higher inputs from the endogenic rocks of the Massif Central than present-day deposits. This can be explained by Weichselian periglacial conditions and the development of crop farming since the Neolithic, which favored mechanical erosion, particularly in the Massif Central which is characterized by a cold, humid climate and steep slopes. The upstream-downstream change in the composition of presently deposited sand is low in the diked area. It shows however that basalt and some heavy mineral grains are vulnerable to abrasion during transport and indicates a marked sediment yield from ancient sediment stored in the floodplain. This is in line with the high incision of the river bed over the last 150 years partly due to dam construction and aggregate mining.     

Comparison of the time-domain electromagnetic field from an infinitesimal point charge and dipole source

An electromagnetic field is generated through the accelerating movement of two equal but opposite charges of a single dipole. An electromagnetic field can also be generated by a time-varying infinitesimal point charge. In this study, a comparison between the electromagnetic fields of an infinitesimal point charge and a dipole has been presented. First, the time-domain potential function of a point source in a 3D conductive medium is derived. Then the electric and magnetic fields in a 3D homogeneous lossless space are derived via the relation between the potential and field. The field differences between the infinitesimal point charge and the dipole in the step-off time, far-source, and near-source zones are analyzed, and the accuracy of the solutions from these sources is investigated. It is also shown that the field of the infinitesimal point charge in the near-source zone is different from that of the dipole, whereas the far-source zone fields of these two sources are identical. The comparison of real and simulated data shows that the infinitesimal point charge represents the real source better than the dipole source.     

电性源时域地空电磁数据小波去噪方法研究

基于飞艇的时间域地空电磁探测系统,具有勘探深度大、效率高、空间分辨率高、飞行控制容易等优势.但在低空飞行测量过程中,飞艇飞行高度、航迹、姿态等受风向、大气气流、地形、地面局部温度场变化等影响而发生变化,导致固定在艇囊前端的接收线圈发生运动,切割大地磁场,产生了电磁噪声、运动噪声、基线漂移等,从而影响电磁数据的电阻率成像质量.因此,研究地空电磁信号中多种噪声的去除方法,对数据的反演解释非常重要.由于地空电磁信号中有效信号频带与部分噪声频带相重叠,使用传统滤波或消噪方法具有一定局限性.因此,本文提出一种综合小波去噪法:根据地空电磁信号的特点,采用sym8小波基;基于小波多分辨率分析原理,利用小波高尺度近似分量估计基线漂移,以校正电磁数据中的基线;基于小波阈值收缩原理,采用5层小波分解、极小极大阈值配合硬收缩函数的消噪方法,来压制数据中的其余噪声.最后,通过异常环模型的理论响应和实测数据进行算法的验证,结果表明这种综合消噪法对多种噪声均有很好的抑制作用,是一种实用有效的时间域地空电磁数据消噪方法.     

利用井中低频偶极横波进行声波远探测的新方法

为了突破目前声波远探测技术存在的局限性,提出了一种新的偶极横波远探测方法,即利用井中偶极子产生的井中弯曲波存在低频截止频率的现象,在声源截止频率以下激发偶极声波.通过对比分析井中偶极声源分别在截止频率上、下激发时,井孔内外产生的辐射声场,明确了截止频率以下井中偶极声源的远场辐射特征和低频截止频率激发偶极横波的优势,结合数值模拟,进一步对其反射声场进行了分析.结果表明,该方法可以避免艾里相的巨大振幅对数据量化产生的"饱和"效应,相比传统的远探测测井方式更具优势,常规源距即可满足专门的远探测测井仪器需求.     

日本Mw9.0地震前的舒曼谐振异常分析

2011年3月11日日本本州岛东海岸附近海域发生了Mw9.0地震.基于中国云南的舒曼谐振(SR)观测站的磁场观测数据,分析了与该次地震有关的SR疑似异常现象.分析表明,震前3 4天低阶谐振开始出现比较明显的幅度增强现象,以2011年3月8日(北京时间)这一天的现象最明显,南北向在7:00-10:00和12:00-15:00异常比较明显,而东西向只在12:00-15:00异常相对比较强.根据对2011年3月1-11日及对应每天前后各15天共41天的数据的联合分析,3月8日部分时间段的低阶谐振磁场差明显高于一倍甚至两倍标准差;相比而言,正常的一天内各阶磁场差要明显低于一倍标准差.最后,根据一些日本地震学者提出的SR异常机理,进一步分析了在云南观测站能观测到日本地震异常的可能性.结果表明,在永胜观测站可以观测到日本地震引起的一阶到三阶SR异常,与发现的异常主要集中在低阶的现象比较吻合.     

云南中小地震矩震级的测定

利用云南省测震台网的数字地震波形资料,反演了2008年1月至2012年9月675个中小地震的震源波谱参数,并计算了这些地震的地震矩M0和矩震级Mw,最后利用回归分析方法得到了近震震级ML和Mw之间的关系式.