内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层三维数值模拟：——以山西柳林？…

本文建立了内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层的三维可混溶溶质运移模型。同时,为了尽可能提高模拟精度,还建立了区域二维水流模型和水质模型,为三维模型提供边界条件。模型应用于描述柳林电厂水源地咸－淡水界面运移特征,模拟效果良好,还据此预报了咸水入侵的可能性并探讨了淡水流的强弱对咸－淡水界面运移的影响。     

非饱和土中溶质迁移参数反演的HISR方法

以非饱和土中溶质迁移参数反演问题为背景, 依据正则化方法的思路, 以Itakura Saito距离作为同伦函数中的平凡问题, 将同伦方法引入非线性参数反演问题的求解, 进而提出一种求解非线性参数反演问题的大范围收敛(HomotoyItakura SaitoRegularization, HISR) 方法.为保证迭代稳定性, 并同时削弱观测噪声的影响, 同伦参数的修正采用了连续化修正方法.本文将HISR方法应用于求解带有平衡及非平衡吸附效应的一维非饱和土中溶质迁移参数反演问题, 计算结果表明HISR方法具有大范围收敛性及计算稳健性, 同时有较强的抵抗观测噪声的能力.      

裂隙岩体溶质运移模型综述

本文综述了裂隙岩体系统中溶质运移的概念模型和数学模型。分析了目前各种裂隙岩体系统中溶质运移的数学模型的适用性和优缺点，为选取合理的数学模型求解具体的问题提供了参考依据。最后提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

Reach-Scale Cation Exchange Controls on Major Ion Chemistry of an Antarctic Glacial Meltwater Stream

McMurdo dry valleys of Antarctica represent the largest of the ice-free areas on the Antarctic continent, containing glaciers, meltwater streams, and closed basin lakes. Previous geochemical studies of dry valley streams and lakes have addressed chemical weathering reactions of hyporheic substrate and geochemical evolution of dry valley surface waters. We examine cation transport and exchange reactions during a stream tracer experiment in a dry valley glacial meltwater stream. The injection solution was composed of dissolved Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^-. Chloride behaved conservatively in this stream, but Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ were reactive to varying degrees. Mass balance analysis indicates that relative to Cl^-, Li⁺ and K⁺ were taken up in downstream transport and Na⁺ was released. Simulations of conservative and reactive (first-order uptake or generation) solute transport were made with the OTIS (one-dimensional solute transport with inflow and storage) model. Among the four experimental reaches of Green Creek, solute transport simulations reveal that Li⁺ was removed from stream water in all four reaches, K⁺ was released in two reaches, taken up in one reach, and Na⁺ was released in all four reaches. Hyporheic sediments appear to be variable with uptake of Li⁺ in two reaches, uptake of K⁺ in one reach, release of K⁺ in two reaches, and uptake of Na⁺ in one reach. Mass balances of the conservative and reactive simulations show that from 1.05 to 2.19 moles of Li⁺ was adsorbed per reach, but less than 0.3 moles of K⁺ and less than 0.9 moles of Na⁺ were released per reach. This suggests that either (1) exchange of another ion which was not analyzed in this experiment or (2) that both ion exchange and sorption control inorganic solute transport. The elevated cation concentrations introduced during the experiment are typical of initial flows in each flow season, which flush accumulated dry salts from the streambed. We propose that the bed sediments (which compose the hyporheic zone) modulate the flushing of these salts during initial flows each season, due to ion exchange and sorption reactions.     

地浸场地残余溶液对水环境影响中的水文地球化学问题讨论

溶质迁移的理论是水环境评价及其整治的科学基础。溶质迁移理论包括水动力弥散、分子扩散和水文地球化学的水岩作用。文章讨论了地浸场地残留溶液对环境影响的预测方法、围岩对污染水的自净和地下水环境恢复的功能，对三种预测污染水对环境影响方法的计算蛄果进行了对比。通过以上讨论，展示水文地球化学在水环境评价和整治工作中有不可忽略的作用和意义，并提出了在水环境评价和整治工作中正确确定弥散系数、阻滞系数、饱和阻留容量、阻滞速率、溶质迁移速度的重要性。文中通过实例介绍了饱和阻滞容量、阻滞速率、溶质迁移速度等参数的求测计算方法。     

Contaminant transport in a small deformation aquitard affected by the delayed drainage phenomenon

This paper presents a formulation accounting for the effect of delayed drainage phenomenon (DDP) on the breakthrough of contaminant flux in an aquitard, by considering the movement of soil particles, porosity variation, hydraulic head variation, and transient flow during the consolidation. The water flow equation in an aquitard was based on the Terzaghi's consolidation theory, and the contaminant transport equation was derived on the basis of the mass balance law. Two cases were used to illustrate the effect of DDP on the contaminant transport in an aquitard of small deformation. It is found that the breakthrough time of contaminant in an aquitard is very long, which is mainly ascribed to the low permeability of aquitard and sorption of soil particles. It is also found that the increase of depletion, which is in general induced by the increase of thickness and specific storativity and the decrease of hydraulic conductivity, enhances the impact of DDP on the contaminant transport in an aquitard. A larger delay index (τ₀) of DDP gives a greater delay breakthrough time (DBT) of solute transport in an aquitard, which controls the difference of the breakthrough time of contaminant transport in aquitards with and without the occurrence of DDP. For the cases where advection plays a dominant role during the process of solute transport, τ₀ is almost linearly correlated with DBT, and the ratio of DBT over the breakthrough time without consideration of DDP also approximately shows a linear relationship with the ratio of specific storativity to porosity, given a fixed drawdown in the adjacent aquifer with the sorption being ignored.     

The use of laboratory experiments for the study of conservative solute transport in heterogeneous porous media

 Laboratory experiments on heterogeneous porous media (otherwise known as intermediate scale experiments, or ISEs) have been increasingly relied upon by hydrogeologists for the study of saturated and unsaturated groundwater systems. Among the many ongoing applications of ISEs is the study of fluid flow and the transport of conservative solutes in correlated permeability fields. Recent advances in ISE design have provided the capability of creating correlated permeability fields in the laboratory. This capability is important in the application of ISEs for the assessment of recent stochastic theories. In addition, pressure-transducer technology and visualization methods have provided the potential for ISEs to be used in characterizing the spatial distributions of both hydraulic head and local water velocity within correlated permeability fields. Finally, various methods are available for characterizing temporal variations in the spatial distribution (and, thereby, the spatial moments) of solute concentrations within ISEs. It is concluded, therefore, that recent developments in experimental techniques have provided an opportunity to use ISEs as important tools in the continuing study of fluid flow and the transport of conservative solutes in heterogeneous, saturated porous media. Received, December 1996 · Revised, July 1997 · Accepted, August 1997     

多个相关随机参数的空间变异性对溶质运移的影响

根据给定渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数的概率分布,采用顺序高斯模拟生成相关的多参数随机场的实现,作为地下水流和溶质运移模型的输入参数,对污染物浓度进行随机分析。研究结果表明,与仅考虑渗透系数空间变异性相比,考虑相关的多参数空间变异性导致污染羽的扩散程度有显著不同。当孔隙度与渗透系数呈正相关关系时,会减少污染羽的扩散程度,反之,当孔隙度与渗透系数为负相关关系时,会加剧污染羽的扩散程度。吸附系数也是如此。在考虑吸附系数的空间变异性之后,污染羽的分布表现出拖尾现象。同时考虑渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数空间变异性时,孔隙度非均质性对溶质运移的影响较吸附系数非均质性的影响更大。     

基于GMS软件对某矿区松散层孔隙水污染的数值模拟研究

以云南某矿区为研究对象,在详细调查区域水文地质条件和已有资料的基础上,结合调查区监测井,利用GMS软件建立研究区域地下水水流场模型和溶质运移模型。模型计算了在合理误差范围内的水流场模型并预测了硫酸盐在持续泄漏730d、180d后切断泄漏源,硫酸盐的迁移过程。研究结果表明:随着持续泄漏时间的增加,调查区域北部边界附近受到污染的浓度越高、污染范围越广,超标的污染物在北部边界区域进入岩溶含水层,遇到岩溶带会加速污染物向下游运移,破坏下游水质、危及下游村庄饮用水安全。     

深井水位对固体潮和气压的响应

本文以体应变固体潮对深井水位影响的偏微分方程为基础，考虑到含水层与井孔之间相互渗流的边界条件，用叠加原理、冲量定理的分离变量等方法得出了方程的解。把水井含水层的参量给予一些可能的值，通过数值计算讨论了水井固体潮系数、位相滞后和含水层参数之间的关系，解释了井水位对固体潮响应的位相滞后现象。结果表明，井孔的半径、含水层的孔隙度及固体骨架的体压缩系数愈大，含水层的导水系数愈小，则水井水位的固体潮系数愈小