饱和砂层驱水渗透注浆分析

运用渗流力学理论,对饱和砂层在毛细力作用下的平面径向流、球形向心流两种渗透性注浆模型进行了推导,得到了球形和柱形渗透性注浆扩散公式。以球形扩散公式为例,结合工程实例并与常用的Maag球形扩散公式进行比较,结果表明,由Maag公式计算注浆所需时间偏小,文中公式更接近工程实际。最后探讨了注浆参数对扩散半径的影响,表明扩散半径对注浆参数的变化均较敏感,文中公式与Maag公式所得到的变化趋势基本一致。     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN HETEROGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA

The effect of heterogeneity on solute transport in porous media is examined by means of physical experiments and controlled numerical simulations. The special cases of layered, clogged and aggregated porous media are particularly investigated. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained from some sections of the physical models are extremely distorted with extended concentration tails. These tailings are caused by different trajectories of the tracer through fine (millimeter and centimeter) scale spatial heterogeneities. On the other hand, BTCs in sections of the physical models having no heterogeneous nature, showed classical ‘S’-shape. A computer simulation based on an improved capacitance model was used to match the experimental data. The BTCs can be represented adequately by the model. However, it seems necessary to determine the fitting parameters experimentally in order to relate them to actual physical phenomena.     

Solute geothermometry of springs and wells of the Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal fields,Mexico

Subsurface reservoir temperatures of two important Mexican geothermal systems (Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes) were estimated by applying all available solute geothermometers for 88 and 56 chemical data measurements of the spring waters and fluids of the deep geothermal wells, respectively. Most of the chemical data for spring water of these two geothermal fields are for HCO₃ water, followed by SO₄ and Cl types. For the Los Azufres geothermal field (LAGF), the reservoir temperatures estimated by Na-K geothermometers for springs of HCO₃ and SO₄ waters, and by Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl water, are close to the average bottom-hole temperature (BHT) of the geothermal wells. However, all reservoir temperatures for spring waters from the Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field (LTVGF) estimated by all solute geothermometers indicated significantly large differences (low temperatures) compared to the BHT. Evaluation of inferred reservoir temperatures for spring waters of the LAGF and LTVGF suggests that not all springs nor all solute geothermometers provide reliable estimation of the reservoir temperatures. Even though chemical equilibrium probably was not achieved in the water–rock system, Na-K geothermometers for HCO₃ water (peripheral water mainly of meteoric origin with little geothermal component) and SO₄ water (geothermal steam heated) and Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl-rich spring water (fully mature geothermal water) of the LAGF indicated reservoir temperatures close to the BHT. However, in comparison with the geothermometry of spring water of the LAGF and LTVGF, fluid measurements from geothermal wells of these two fields indicated reservoir temperatures in close agreement with their respective BHTs. For the best use of the solute geothermometry for spring water, it is advisable to: (1) chemically classify the springs based on water types; (2) identify and eliminate the discordant outlier observations by considering each water type as a separate sampled population; (3) apply all available solute geothermometers employing a suitable computer program such as SolGeo instead of using some specific, arbitrarily chosen geothermometers; and (4) evaluate the temperatures obtained for each solute geothermometer by considering the subsurface lithology, hydrological conditions, and BHTs or static formation temperatures whenever available.     

Radial reactive solute transport in an aquifer–aquitard system

Radial reactive transport is investigated in an aquifer–aquitard system considering the important processes such as advection, radial and vertical dispersions for the aquifer, vertical advection and dispersion for the aquitards, and first-order biodegradation or radioactive decay. We solved the coupled governing equations of transport in the aquifer and the aquitards by honoring the continuity of concentration and mass flux across the aquifer–aquitard interfaces and recognizing the concentration variation along the aquifer thickness. This effort improved the averaged-approximation (AA) model, which dealt with radial dispersion in an aquifer–aquitard system by excluding the aquitard advection. To compare with our new solution, we expanded the AA model by including the aquitard advection. The expanded AA model considerably overestimated the mass in the upper aquitard when an upward advection existed there. The rates of mass change in the upper aquitard from the new solution and the AA model solution increased with time following sub-linear fashions. The times corresponding to the peak values of the residence time distributions for the AA model, the expanded AA model, and the new model were almost the same. The residence time distributions seemed to follow the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution closely when plotting the time in logarithmic scale. In addition, we developed a finite-element COMSOL Multiphysics simulation of the problem, and found that the COMSOL solution agreed with the new solution well.     

硫化氢对管线钢在氯化钠溶液中应力腐蚀开裂的影响

采用动电位扫描、慢应变速率拉伸、氢渗透试验方法时X70管线钢在不同电位下含不同浓度H2S的质量分数3．5％NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为进行了研究。结果表明，H2S的加入使渗氢电流逐渐增大，硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（SSCC）敏感性逐渐增加，随着H2S浓度的增大，其断裂特征由塑性断裂逐渐转变为脆性断裂。在阳极极化下，X70管线钢无SSCC敏感电位区；在阴极极化程度较小时，材料对SSCC的敏感性减小；在阴极极化程度较强时，材料对SSCC的敏感性显著增加。分析表明X70管线钢的SSCC受阳极溶解和氢脆共同控制。     

饱和水流溶质运移问题数值解法综述

本文总结了饱和水流中溶质运移方程求解的各种数值方法，分析各种方法的本质特征以及各自的优缺点，并指出了求解对流—弥散方程的各种数值方法的研究进展和值得重视的问题。研究结果表明，自适应欧拉—拉格朗日法(EM)是溶质运移问题中，求解对流—弥散方程是比较有发展潜力的方法之一。以MMOC法为基础在陡峰值高价插值和其它区域低价插值相结合的ELM法，将是未来发展的趋势。而寻求非规则网格上高精度的空间单元插值模式，已开始成为求解对流问题数值方法研究的重点和关键问题。     

野外非饱和土壤水流运动速度的空间变异性及其对溶质运移的影响

根据野外非饱和溶质运移试验资料,分析了港质运移速度的空间变异性,求得了呈对数正态分布的流速分布函数,并依此推导出有效弥散系数α=0.068t.根据流速的随机分布特征,分别用带有随机参数的对流模型、对流一弥散模型和传统的对流-弥散模型,求得了区域平均浓度分布及其方差.计算结果与实测结果拟合良好.通过分析得到,浓度方差与浓度梯度成正比,与孔隙弥散系数成反比,方差最大值分布在浓度锋面附近.     

地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型参数的局部灵敏度研究

采用局部灵敏度分析方法计算天津市滨海新区南港工业区内某研究区含水层渗透系数、降水入渗补给系数、纵向弥散度、孔隙度对地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型模拟结果的影响。结果表明,含水层渗透系数、纵向弥散度及孔隙度灵敏度较高,对模拟结果影响较大,降水入渗补给系数对模拟结果影响很小。三个灵敏参数的灵敏度排序为孔隙度>纵向弥散度>渗透系数。     

Determination of groundwater solute transport parameters in finite element modelling using tracer injection and withdrawal testing data

The groundwater tracer injection and withdrawal tests are often carried out for the determination of aquifer solute transport parameters. However, the parameter analyses encounter a great difficulty due to the radial flow nature and the variability of the temporal boundary conditions. An adaptive methodology for the determination of groundwater solute transport parameters using tracer injection and withdrawal test data had been developed and illustrated through an actual case. The methodology includes the treatment of the tracer boundary condition at the tracer injection well, the normalization of tracer concentration, the groundwater solute transport finite element modelling and the method of least squares to optimize the parameters. An application of this methodology was carried out in a field test in the South of Hanoi city. The tested aquifer is Pleistocene aquifer, which is a main aquifer and has been providing domestic water supply to the city since the French time. Effective porosity of 0.31, longitudinal dispersivity of 2.2 m, and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients from D = 220 m²/d right outside the pumping well screen to D =15.8 m²/d right outside the tracer injection well screen have been obtained for the aquifer at the test site. The minimal sum of squares of the differences between the observed and model normalized tracer concentration is 0.00119, which is corresponding to the average absolute difference between observed and model normalized concentrations of 0.035 5 (while 1 is the worst and 0 is the best fit).