Particle-size distribution of inorganic water soluble ions in the venezuelan savannah atmosphere during burning and nonburning periods

The results presented are the first complete analysis of inorganic soluble ions in a tropical savannah region. Atmospheric particles were collected in six rural Venezuelan savannah sites. Concentrations and size distribution of NO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2-, CI^–, PO₄ ^3-, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were determined in samples collected with Hi Vol samplers equipped with five-stage cascade impactors. Concentrations were higher in the dry season, with a maximum during the burning periods. Using Na⁺ as a reference, the results show a deficit of Cl^– and, with the exception of Mg²⁺, an enrichment of all other ions with respect to marine aerosols. Significant variations were observed in particle-size distribution between different periods. Various pairs of ions present similar size distributions: SO₄ ^2- and NH₄ ⁺; Cl^– and Na⁺; PO₄ ^3- and K⁺; Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NO₃ ^–; indicating that the ions were produced by the same source and/or were involved in similar atmospheric processes. Possible primary sources, the gas-to-particle atmospheric process, environmental implication of long-range transport of nutrients during dry seasons, etc., are discussed.     

南京气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布及其随高度的变化

2009年1月对南京市河西生活区距地面1．5、54和80m3处同步进行了大气颗粒物采样,并用离子色谱对样品进行了分析。结果显示,随着高度的增加,PM10和PM2.1的质量浓度逐渐降低,而总离子浓度随高度增加而增大。气溶胶中最主要的3种水溶性离子分别为N03、SO4 2-、Ca2＋,且3个高度的NO3-与SO4 2-浓度之比均大于1,表明该生活区移动排放源已经成为大气气溶胶离子的主要来源。3个高度处各离子粒径分布规律为：SO4 2-、NO3-、K＋在0．43-1．1um出现峰值;Ca2＋、Mg2＋、NO2-在4．7～5．8um出现峰值;Na＋、Cl-、F-在0．43～1．1um和4．7～5．8um出现双峰。     

Methane adsorption in the low–middle-matured Neoproterozoic Xiamaling marine shale in Zhangjiakou,Hebei

The adsorption capacity of high–over-matured shale has been widely investigated, but the adsorption capacity and the main factors influencing low–middle-matured, type II kerogen-containing, and organic-rich marine shale have been rarely explored. This research conducts organic geochemistry, mineralogical composition, adsorption isotherm tests to reveal the adsorption and main influencing factors of the different geochemistry characteristics, mineralogical compositions, temperature and pressure conditions of the low–middle-matured Neoproterozoic Xiamaling marine shale in Zhangjiakou, Hebei. The investigated shale is in a low–middle maturity stage, contains type II kerogen and is rich in organic matter. The results show that the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the Xiamaling shale is positively correlated with the methane adsorption capacity, which is the most important influencing factor on the adsorptive property of shale. The methane adsorption capacity first decreases to the minimum value as the temperature reaches 360°C equivalent Ro (EqRo = 1.0%), then increases and reaches the maximum value at 620°C (EqRo = 3.28%) and finally decreases again as the temperature rises at the last simulation stage. The mineral components exhibit an insignificant influence on the methane absorbability because of organic-matter coatings. The TOC-normalised methane adsorption capacity is positively correlated with the illite–smectite and clay-mineral contents but shows no significant correlation with brittle minerals, such as quartz. Soluble organic matter and kerogen caused the methane dissolution and adsorbtion, respectively. The strong dissolution property of the soluble organic matter is the most important cause of the larger adsorption capacity of the original shale compared with that of the residual samples. Moreover, the methane adsorption capacity of the Xiamaling shale decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with pressure below the critical pressure but decreases exceeding the critical pressure.     

Abundance, Sources and Speciation of Trace Elements in Humus-Rich Streams Affected by Acid Sulphate Soils

The behaviour of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr,Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn) was studied in five humus-richstreams (dissolved organic carbon = 14–40 mg/L)impacted by acid sulphate soils developed in marinesulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments. During heavyrainfalls in autumn, on which the study focusses, themetals Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn are extensivelyleached from these acidic soils (pH = 2.5–4.5), whileAs, Cr, Fe and V are not leached more strongly fromthis soil type than from areas of till and peat. Aspeciation experiment, based on anion and cationexchange of the stream waters in the field, showedthat (1) the metals Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn aretransported in the streams mainly as inorganiccations, (2) Cu exists mainly in cationic form but isalso to a significant extent associated with dissolvedhumic substances, (3) Fe occurs mainly in the anionicfraction explained by organic coating on colloidal Feoxyhydoxides and (4) the hydrochemistry of As, Cr andV is complex as these elements may exist in severalunquantified anionic fractions and to a minor extentin cationic species/forms. Whereas the proportion ofacid sulphate soils in the catchments had a largeimpact on concentrations levels of several elements inthe stream waters, these soils did not have a largeaffect on the speciation of elements in water.     

泰山PM10及其中化学成分变化特征

为研究华北平原区域背景气溶胶成分及其变化特征,2010年6月至2011年7月在泰山顶采集了64个PM10滤膜样品,分析了样品的PM10及其中无机盐离子和有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）的质量浓度,并对各成分相关性等进行了分析。泰山PM10年均质量浓度约为68.4 mg/m³,其中无机盐离子约占总质量的64.8%,碳气溶胶约占17.4%。无机盐离子的质量浓度从春季逐渐增大,夏季达到峰值,秋季下降,冬季最小;OC质量浓度从春季至秋季逐渐增高,冬季最低,EC变化类似,但夏秋两季差别不大。二次有机碳（SOC）与OC的比值四季均在50%以上,年均值约为58.5%。通过后向轨迹聚类分析发现,在经过城市的较短轨迹以及南方较短混合轨迹的影响下,泰山PM10质量浓度较高,而西北长距离传输气团PM10浓度均较低。     

Water Soluble Gas in Deep Carbonate Reservoir,Sichuan Basin,Southwest China

Based on temperature and pressure of fluid inclusion,phase of organic inclusion in calcite and quartz filled in vug in the deep carbonate reservoir and the natural gas composition in Weiyuan (威远) gas field in Sichuan (四川) basin,research indicates that water soluble gas exists in deep carbonate reservoir,which reconstructs development and effusion process of water soluble gas.The overpressure formed during oil thermal cracking can reach 105-170 MPa in Sinian and Cambrian reservoir in Central Sichuan and 78-86 MPa in Cambrian reservoir in Southeast Sichuan.The high temperature caused by deep burial and overpressure caused by thermal cracking make thermal cracking gas dissolve in water so that it becomes water soluble gas.The ratios of gas to water can reach 50-90 m3/m3and 10-30 m3/m3,respectively,in deep carbonate reservoir in Central and Southeast Sichuan.Methane dissolving in water exists in form of liquid phase.Until now,the decreases in temperature and pressure due to the uplift during 74 Ma make water soluble gas separate from water,water soluble gas pool or mixed gas pool of thermal-cracking gas and water soluble gas are modified or even destroyed in varying degrees.This may be the case of Weiyuan gas field.     

土壤表层CO_2的释放与土壤水分波动

贵州虽地处雨量充沛、气候潮湿的亚热带,但近年来旱地土壤往往出现明显的干湿循环现象,这是因为：１）森林植被遭到破坏,使其对气候的调节功能大不如前,导致出现多年气候异常,最大的年降雨量与最小的年降雨量之间相差５００ｍｍ以上,旱涝灾害频繁;２）喀斯特地貌土...     

中国东部主要入海河流河口区地球化学特征：理化指标与水溶态元素浓度

河水理化性质和元素组成特征直接影响到水体利用功能,入海河流元素输送量对近岸海洋生态环境具有重要影响。在中国东部33条入海河流下游河段或河口区布设了水地球化学调查点,分别在2007年夏季(丰水期)、2007年底—2008年初(枯水期)采样并测定了河水酸碱度、电导率值以及溶解态常量和微量元素浓度。研究表明,多数北方河流水体酸碱度、电导率值以及常量元素浓度高于南方河流,与中国土壤及其常量元素组成的南北分带相吻合,反映了我国南北气候分带对河水地球化学特征的控制作用,推断少数河流酸碱度、电导率和常量元素浓度的异常分布与海水混合作用、人为污染等作用有关;部分河流水体中微量元素浓度背离于区域正常浓度,其原因一是与区域地球化学背景有关,二是与城市污染影响有关,通过对比部分城市上、下游水体元素浓度证实城市污染的影响;研究认为丰水期易溶元素Na、Ca、K、Zn、Se浓度较低反映了大量降水的稀释效应,而丰水期河水Al、REE、Fe、Pb、Tl等元素浓度明显高于枯水期,主要与丰水期暴雨形成的地面径流携带大量胶体颗粒进入地表水有关。     

济阳坳陷青东凹陷低熟油生烃机理研究

青东凹陷勘探程度低,油气资源潜力尚未得到充分认识,开展凹陷内低熟油成因机理的研究有利于评价油气资源潜力并指导油气勘探工作。原油的物理及地球化学特征表明低熟油主要分布于凹陷边缘的沙四上亚段储层中。油源对比显示低熟油主要来自凹陷内沙四上亚段低熟烃源岩。研究区沙四段烃源岩具备形成低熟油的地质和地球化学条件：沙四段泥页岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型以腐泥型(I)和腐泥-腐殖型(II1)为主;泥页岩与蒸发岩共生的咸化还原环境因富含高矿化度地层水而有助于有机质早期转化生烃;烃源岩中的可溶有机质经过低温化学反应、细菌活动、生物催化作用等可形成低熟油。该研究对青东凹陷油气勘探工作有重要指导意义,寻找低熟油气藏是研究区未来重要的勘探方向。     

泥河湾盆地麻地沟遗址地层易溶盐沉积及其环境意义

麻地沟遗址地处泥河湾盆地东部岑家湾台地古人类活动集中区,是近年来新发现和发掘的早更新世古人类活动遗址之一。对遗址湖滨相沉积物易溶盐类的测试和分析表明,此剖面代表的泥河湾古湖易溶盐为SO42--Na+-HCO3--Cl-型,剖面平均含盐量为11.41‰,属于半咸水湖,处于半干旱区湖泊演化中后期的硫酸盐湖向氯化物湖的过渡阶段。K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和Cl-等6类离子的变化曲线表现出较大的相似性,且它们与含盐量的变化大体一致。地层含盐量的变化和沉积物中细颗粒含量变化具有一致性,细颗粒含量较高对应含盐量相对较高时期。根据含盐量和各主要离子比值并结合平均粒径和磁化率的变化将湖泊气候演化划分为5个阶段,古人类在该遗址活动时期对应于湖泊演化的第2-4阶段,处于气候相对较为温湿、动植物资源丰富、湖水含盐量较低时期。该项研究对探讨麻地沟遗址利用者的生存行为与环境的关系具有重要意义。