用EOF方法研究青藏高原积雪深度分布与变化

对青藏高原１９７８～１９８７年ＳＭＭＲ微波候积雪深度资料、５５个地面基本气象台站１９６３～１９９２年逐日积雪深度记录进行了ＥＯＦ分析．结果表明,青藏高原积雪空间分布极不均匀,四周多雪,特别是东西两侧多雪与广大腹地少雪形成鲜明对比．高原东部是高原积雪年际变化最显著的地区,它主导了整个高原积雪的年际变化,并且与西部多雪区年际波动呈反位相关系．从６０年代到８０年代积雪年际波动幅度有明显增加的趋势     

小浪底水库“腾库迎洪”期异重流形成分析

小浪底水库异重流的形成与运行规律是关系黄河调水调沙方案拟定的重要指标。基于现场调研、理论探讨与预测分析结合等手段,明晰了2018年"腾库迎洪"期小浪底水库来水来沙过程,根据水库调度与库区淤积形态等边界条件,观测了异重流的形成与运行,采用基于流速分布的水库异重流潜入点预测公式进行了计算分析。结果表明:2018年7月库区产生的剧烈冲刷,在潜入点处发生大量淤积,水深大幅减小,引起潜入点下移;潜入点位置随入库水沙增大、坝前水位降低及库区淤积的推进向坝前移动,计算与实测结果反映了该变化过程。     

吉林安图海沟金矿成矿流体特征及成矿机制

海沟金矿流体包裹体为3种类型：富CO₂三相、气液两相和纯气相。流体盐度集中在7.44％～8．67％NaCleqv,8.54％～8.94％NaCleqv和9.84％～10.87％NaCleqv三个区间;流体密度为0.54～0.88 g/cm3;成矿温度主要集中在298.4℃～313.5℃和258.2℃～264.6℃。研究表明成矿早期阶段流体为低盐度、富CO₂的高温流体,且富CO₂型和富气相包裹体共存。成矿中晚期阶段流体盐度和温度明显降低,CO₂、H₂O等气体能够大量逃逸,流体体系由封闭状态转化为较开放状态,大气降水、层间水等大量进入与岩浆流体发生混合,并引起流体内金络合物的溶解度减小而直接导致金和金属矿物的沉淀和富集。成矿压力范围为110～146 MPa,成矿深度为8.7～10.1 km。通过与典型的造山型金矿特征对比,该矿床成因类型为中成造山型金矿,动力学背景为早一中侏罗世华北板块与西伯利亚板块碰撞的持续汇聚力和古太平洋板块俯冲欧亚大陆的作用力引起的远程效应联合作用的结果。     

Seasonal dynamics, environmental preferences and habitat selection of John Dory (Zeus faber)

Spatial distribution patterns of John Dory (Zeus faber, L.) were examined in relation to sea bottom temperature, bathymetry, locational covariates and season. Data were collected during a 2-year period (1996–1997) of seasonal sampling using demersal trawl surveys in the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean). The ecological preferences of the species throughout four seasons were elucidated and the degree in which these environmental relationships might be modulated by the different hydrographic and topographic regime was also considered. Key determinants of the species' spatial aggregation in all four seasons were the water depth, the sea bottom temperature and the latitude. The sea bottom temperature had a significant effect on seasonal John Dory abundance both directly, as a main effect, and indirectly, through its interactive effect with the water depth. John Dory seasonal abundance was consistently greater in the shallower regions of the area having warmer bottom waters. Results indicated a distinct southward shift as progressing through the year, with peak abundances being observed in gradually lower latitudes of shallow areas as seasons evolved. John Dory appeared to avoid the deeper waters regardless of their bottom temperature and geographic position. The present results also suggested a seasonal pattern of habitat associations for specific locations characterised by weak hydrographic activity. John Dory preferences for certain water depth zones, sea bottom temperatures and substrate types are hypothesized to modulate the seasonal spatial aggregation of the species to preferred grounds.     

北京区域冬季灰霾过程中人为气溶胶光学厚度估算

本文使用北京地区不同时期（2009年1月和2013年1月）的地基气溶胶观测资料,估算了灰霾天气的人为气溶胶光学厚度,在此基础上结合气溶胶光学参数进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）2013年1月人为气溶胶光学厚度（440 nm）较2009年1月有所增加,月平均值分别为0.88和0.44;（2）2013年1月灰霾污染中人为气溶胶占统治地位的天数比例是86.7%,高于2009年1月的62.5%;（3）2013年1月人为成分在气溶胶光学厚度（440 nm）中的贡献平均达88%,说明灰霾污染主要是由人为气溶胶造成的。     

Retrieval Snow Depth by Artificial Neural Network Methodology from Integrated AMSR-E and In-situ Data —— A Case Study in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

On the basis of artificial neural network （ANN） model, this paper presents an algorithm for inversing snow depth with use of AMSR-E （Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System （EOS）） dataset, i.e., brightness temperature at 18.7 and 36.5GHz in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the snow season of 2002-2003. In order to overcome the overfitting problem in ANN modeling, this methodology adopts a Bayesian regularization approach. The experiments are performed to compare the results obtained from the ANN-based algorithm with those obtained from other existing algorithms, i.e., Chang algorithm, spectral polarization difference （SPD） algorithm, and temperature gradient （TG） algorithm. The experimental results show that the presented algorithm has the highest accuracy in estimating snow depth. In addition, the effects of the noises in datasets on model fitting can be decreased due to adopting the Bayesian regularization approach.     

Three-dimensional poro-elastic integrated model for wave and current-induced oscillatory soil liquefaction around an offshore pipeline

To obtain a better understanding of the oscillatory soil liquefaction around an offshore pipeline, a three-dimensional integrated model for the wave–seabed–pipeline interaction (WSPI) is proposed by combining the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations for flow simulations and the dynamic Biot’s equation (“u-p” approximation) for the poro-elastic seabed model. Compared with previous investigations, the wave–current interaction is included in the present WSPI system. At a given time step, the wave pressure extracted from the flow model is applied on the seabed surface to determine the corresponding oscillatory seabed response around an offshore pipeline. The integrated numerical model is first validated using previous laboratory experiments. Then, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of flow obliquity and pipeline burial depth on the soil response around an offshore pipeline. Numerical results indicate that the soil under the pipeline is more susceptible to liquefaction at a reduced flow obliquity and pipeline burial depth. Moreover, the liquefaction depth in the case where the wave travels along the current can increase by 10%–30% compared to that in the case where the wave travels against the current, when the magnitude of the current velocity is 1 m/s.     

汶川8.0级地震周至深井水震波的记录特征

介绍了周至深井概况和水位高速采样技术系统的仪器设备配置。通过对该井2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大震及强余震的50Hz采样率水震波数字化记录进行分析,与同一台站的测震和强震动记录开展对比研究。结果表明,周至深井动水位对全球中强地震具有良好的观测效果,相当于一台深井宽带地震仪。     

The construction of a reliable absolute chronology for the last two millennia in an anthropogenically disturbed peat bog: Limitations and advantages of using a radio-isotopic proxy and age–depth modelling

The main aim of this paper is to present the pitfalls connected with the construction of reliable chronologies for anthropogenically disturbed peatlands over the last two millennia based on ²¹⁰Pb and ¹⁴C dating, i.e. the period of the strongest human impact on these ecosystems. The following hypotheses have been formulated: i) parts of peatlands suspected to be affected by peat extraction may possess traces of mechanical disturbances undetectable using different analyses based on biota proxy; ii) failure to consider information included in radionuclide date inversions may contribute to the establishment of misleading chronologies. To test these hypotheses, different scenarios of chronology based on high resolution ²¹⁰Pb and ¹⁴C dating from a peat core retrieved from the Puścizna Krauszowska bog (southern Poland) have been analysed. Nowadays, this mire is intensively exploited by humans; however, it contains remains of dome considered undisturbed, from which the core presented in this paper was collected. The set of dates revealed the presence of marked ¹⁴C date inversions (mechanical disturbances) which, if inappropriately interpreted before the age–depth modelling process, may lead to the establishment of misleading chronologies, and thus an incorrect interpretation of biota proxy records, e.g. pollen. Those sections of peat profiles with prominent age inversions and/or strong discrepancies between the peat accumulation rate and bulk density should be rejected from age–depth modelling, even if interpretable chronologies can be obtained.     

Differences in the Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Structure of the Bohemian Massif from Teleseismic Receiver Functions

A target of our study was the Bohemian Massif in Central Europe that was emplaced during the Variscan orogeny. We used teleseismic records from ten broadband stations lying within and around the massif. Different techniques of receiver function interpretation were applied, including 1-D inversion of R- and Q-components, forward modelling of V _s velocity, and simultaneous determination of Moho depth and Poissons ratio in the crust. These results provide new, independent information about the distribution of S wave velocity down to about 60 km depth. In the area of Bohemian Massif, the crustal thickness varies from 29 km in the NW to 40 km in the SE. A relatively simple velocity structure with gradually increasing velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle is observed in the eastern part of the Bohemian Massif. The western part of the massif is characterized by more complicated structure with low S wave velocities in the upper crust, as well as in the uppermost mantle. This could be related to tectono-magmatic activity in the Eger rift that started in the uppermost Cretaceous and was active in the West Bohemia-Vogland area till the late Cenozoic.