新疆西准噶尔布龙果尔古油藏的发现及其石油地质意义

本文记述了首次在西准噶尔布龙果尔地区发现的古油藏基本地质情况,探讨古油藏产出的地质层位及时代归属,对古油藏油源问题进行了初步分析,在此基础上提出古油藏成藏预测模式.认为上古生界古油藏所在的和布克河组一段地质时代为晚泥盆世法门期,中生界古油藏产出层位为下侏罗统八道湾组;推断和布克河组古油藏油源可能来自中泥盆统呼吉尔斯特组...     

各向异性矿化特征的分析与模拟 及其在储量估算中的应用

矿化作用往往是地质事件及局部过程共同作用的结果,导致矿体空间形态复杂多变、矿石品位呈各向异性、尺度不一的非线性空间变异模式.传统方法无论是在矿石量的计算方面还是在矿块内平均品位的确定上都存在多种误差,并且无法实现信息的动态管理及直观表达.文章以安庆铜矿中心矿区为例,采用对数块kriging与三维地学模拟技术相结合的方法...     

川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组固体沥青的形貌特征与成因分析

利用扫描电镜观察川东北某地区上二叠统、下三叠统储层固体沥青时,发现固体沥青与显微镜下的无定形、它形充填构造不同,按其外形可分为皮壳状、葡萄状、瘤状、蠕虫状和柿饼状5种类型。其中皮壳状、葡萄状沥青分布在飞仙关组,瘤状、蠕虫状和柿饼状沥青分布在长兴组。根据固体沥青内部鳞片状结构和球粒中间相结构推测其已达高演化阶段。     

浙东沿海某地区大气干湿沉降对土壤重金属 元素含量的影响

基于对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区重金属元素大气干湿沉降特征的研究,探讨了重金属元素干湿沉降输入对土壤环境的影响。结果表明,研究区露天焚烧等不规范的固废拆解行为造成大气质量恶化,对土地质量造成严重的负面影响。区内干、湿沉降中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni等重金属元素的含量均远高于浙江省干、湿沉降平均值和其它相关标准值,并且其年沉降通量在省内居高,尤其是Cu、Zn两种元素每年每平方百米沉降通量分别达7108g、11420g。研究显示,大气沉降能大大增加研究区土壤重金属元素的含量水平,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb平均年增加量分别达3426ng/g、5819ng/g、6.50ng/g、582ng/g,并且年增加率较大,Pb、Cu、Zn等重金属元素的年增加率达0.5%以上。     

海洋废弃钻井液处理技术研究

针对滨海-6井废弃钻井液的特点,提出了破胶-固液分离-固化的思想。通过实验优化破胶剂、絮凝剂、固化剂配方。实验结果表明：100mL废弃钻井液破胶剂加量为2g,絮凝剂为2gAS＋2．5％HPAM溶液（质量分数0．1％）,固液分层现象明显、出水水质透明。固化剂的加量为1．5％CJ-1、27．7％水泥、7．7％CJ-2,6．2％CJ-3。固化强度和浸出液试验表明：固化体在养护15天后平均强度3．0MPa,浸出液指标达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

北京一次强对流天气过程的数值模拟

为了对发生于2008年07月04日北京的一次强对流天气有更多的认识,利用三维对流云模式对其进行数值模拟研究。结果表明：模式可以较好地模拟出强对流天气各主要宏观发展阶段的特征,以及云中水成物粒子转化的微观特征;模式能够很好地模拟出此次强对流天气过程的风场特征,对流系统中存在有利的环境条件,风暴是由气流的辐合上升引起的。在发展初期,对流云低层为辐合上升气流,在对流云发展的成熟阶段,近地面层以辐散气流为主,中上层以辐合气流为主,且辐合达到最大,之后随着云体的消散,低层辐散下沉气流加强。气流在顶端转变方向,形成辐散出流。     

CaSO4-C-H2O体系研究：模拟实验与热力学探讨

传统认为TSR成因的固态沥青(焦沥青)属于热化学反应的终端产物,不会对TSR的反应进程起到重要作用.本文以活性炭作为固态沥青(焦沥青)的模型化合物,开展了CaSO4-C-H2O体系的热模拟实验研究,探讨了CaSO4-C-H2O体系发生TSR的热力学特征.实验结果表明,CaSO4-C-H2O体系在300℃时即可启动TSR,主要生成CaCO3、H2S和CO2等产物.这一TSR门限温度要远低于以往室内利用气态或液态烃类进行的TSR模拟实验温度范围,与热力学计算结果一致.利用HSC Chemistry 5.0软件进行TSR过程模拟,发现25～200℃时CaSO4-C-H2O体系发生的TSR完全受动力学控制,在温度保持不变情况下,压力增大不利于CaSO4-C-H2O体系发生TSR.较少的含水量对TSR有一定促进作用,而含水量过多则可能抑制TSR的进行,含水量对TSR的影响可能与CaSO4在水中的饱和浓度有关.在一定的温度下,当体系pH≤2时,随着pH逐渐降低,CaSO4的量呈线性递减,但在沉积盆地地层水pH范围内(pH＞4),pH对TSR的作用可以忽略不计.CaSO4-C-H2O体系发生的TSR反应是一个放热过程,并且随着温度升高,反应热逐渐增大.在25～200℃范围内,TSR反应热为12.9～133 J/molCaSO4.热力学计算以及模拟实验结果均暗示,固态沥青(焦沥青)可能比烃类更容易参与TSR.     

Elastic and anelastic anomalies in (Ca,Sr)TiO3 perovskites: Analogue behaviour for silicate perovskites

Values of bulk modulus (K), shear modulus (G) and mechanical quality factor (Q) have been determined for polycrystalline samples across the CaTiO₃ (CST0)–SrTiO₃ (CST100) solid solution by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Because of similarities with low frequency elastic and anelastic anomalies due to twin wall motion reported in previous studies, a working hypothesis is developed in which dissipation processes are interpreted in terms of twin wall displacements. At high temperatures in CST50 the stability field of the I4/mcm structure is marked by the disappearance of all resonance peaks (superattenuation). This is attributed to anelastic domain wall sliding. At room temperature the I4/mcm phase of CST70 and CST80 has values of G which are lower than those of cubic or orthorhombic phases, and a concomitant drop in Q is interpreted as implying that the domain wall pinning process reported elsewhere to occur below 400–450 K is only partial. A similar drop in G and Q was found in CST95 below the transition at 238 K. The I4/mcm ↔ Pbcm transition in CST70 at 230 K is marked by an abrupt increase in Q, suggesting that mobile twins in crystals with the I4/mcm structure become effectively immobile in antiferroelectric crystals with the Pbcm structure. The I4/mcm ↔ Pnma transition in CST50 is marked by a similarly abrupt increase in Q, consistent with twin walls becoming effectively immobile also in crystals with the Pnma structure. A fall in Q below 800 K in CST0, however, could imply that a degree of twin wall mobility might develop in Pnma crystals if the tetragonal spontaneous strain departs significantly from zero. The remarkable attenuation behaviour of crystals with the I4/mcm structure at the relatively low stress conditions which apply during resonances of a parallelepiped with edge dimensions of 2–4 mm, is consistent with the view that a characteristic signature for tetragonal CaSiO₃ in the Earth's lower mantle should be a marked attenuation of seismic waves.     

Combustion Kinetics of Athabasca Bitumen from 1D Combustion Tube Experiments

There are two basic requirements for heavy-oil recovery processes: first, mobilize the bitumen, and second, have a drive mechanism deliver the mobilized bitumen to a production wellbore. In situ combustion has the potential to be an important heavy-oil recovery method. Before design of in situ combustion recovery processes can start, it is necessary as a first step to understand the kinetics of various complex chemical reactions and determine kinetic constants associated with the reactions. Even with modern reservoir simulation capabilities, this is a significant challenge. In this research, an Athabasca bitumen combustion tube experiment, conducted by the ISC Research Group at the University of Calgary, was history matched by using a reservoir thermal simulator to determine a set of kinetic parameters as well as the transport parameters for the system. The main results of the history match was a match of air injection rate, bitumen and gas production volumes, average product gas compositions, temperature profiles along the tube through time, and pressure. Gridding sensitivities were examined to determine if the derived kinetic and transport parameters were dependent on gridblock size. The results revealed that the grid was refined enough to sufficiently capture thermal, mass transfer, and reaction length scales. After this single match was achieved, the same constants were used to successfully predict several other combustion tube experiments. The results suggest that the fuel (coke) for high-temperature oxidation (HTO) originates mainly from low-temperature oxidation (LTO) and not from thermal cracking. This implies that the major control on HTO is upstream oxygen transfer into the LTO region. If LTO does not occur, then a relatively small amount of coke is deposited in the matrix due to thermal cracking and this may be insufficient to start or sustain HTO.     

Study of Metal Distribution in Raw and Screened Swine Manure

The growth of industrial swine production over the last few years has led to a growth in concern over effluents generated by the activity. Several elements, mainly toxic metals, can be present in swine wastewater and can have a serious environmental impact. It is important, therefore, to know the metal concentration before the discharge of wastewater. In this work the temporal metal distribution in swine manure and its potential reduction using coarse (2 mm) and fine (<0.45 μm) liquid‐solid separation techniques were investigated. In order to do this, different swine manure sample preparation methods for Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) were tested. The acid mixtures used to digest the manure sample significantly affected the metal recovery. Good analyte recoveries were observed with nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures or nitric acid/perchloric acid mixtures. Sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures produced inconsistent results and poor recoveries, mainly for Ba and Pb. It was observed that metal concentrations in swine manure varied greatly with time, up to one order of magnitude, due to changes in swine production such as feed and animal numbers. Metals concentrations observed in the raw wastewater exceeded Brazilian limits for discharge into water bodies and recommendations for agricultural use. Results obtained from the liquid‐solid separation study showed that metals in the raw swine manure were not removed with coarse screening. However, the major fraction of metals were removed by filtration (0.45 μm), with the exception of Na, K and Sr. Thus, the use of liquid‐solid separation techniques that capture the fine solid fractions (and associated metals) from raw manure can have a favorable impact on the environment and contribute to swine production wastewater treatment.