Double-difference tomography of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the western part of Java,Indonesia

West Java in the western part of the Sunda Arc has a relatively high seismicity due to subduction activity and faults. In this study, double-difference tomography was used to obtain the 3D velocity tomograms of P and S waves beneath the western part of Java. To infer the geometry of the structure beneath the study area, precise earthquake hypocenter determination was first performed before tomographic imaging. For this, earthquake waveform data were extracted from the regional Meteorological, Climatological, Geophysical Agency (BMKG) network of Indonesia from South Sumatra to Central Java. The P and S arrival times for about 1,000 events in the period April 2009 to July 2016 were selected, the key features being events of magnitude > 3, azimuthal gap < 210° and number of phases > 8. A nonlinear method using the oct-tree sampling algorithm from the NonLinLoc program was employed to determine the earthquake hypocenters. The hypocenter locations were then relocated using double-difference tomography (tomoDD). A significant reduction of travel-time (root mean square basis) and a better clustering of earthquakes were achieved which correlated well with the geological structure in West Java. Double-difference tomography was found to give a clear velocity structure, especially beneath the volcanic arc area, i.e., under Mt Anak Krakatau, Mt Salak and the mountains complex in the southern part of West Java. Low velocity anomalies for the P and S waves as well as the v_P/v_S ratio below the volcanoes indicated possible partial melting of the upper mantle which ascended from the subducted slab beneath the volcanic arc.     

Tripolar vortex in plasma flow

Strongly nonlinear processes in a two-component plasma with sheared flow, in the low-frequency limit, in comparison with the ion gyro frequency Ω_i, and for perturbations propagating perpendicularly to the ambient magnetic field are studied. In the linear domain such a system is prone to the development of instability of the Kelvin–Helmholtz type. In the nonlinear regime this instability can saturate into stationary travelling solutions of the form of vortex chains and tripolar vortices, which are found in this paper.     

Predictive optimal control for seismic analysis of non-linear and hysteretic structures

In this paper, an effective active predictive control algorithm is developed for the vibration control of non-linear hysteretic structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. The non-linear characteristics of the structural behaviour and the effects of time delay in both the measurements and control action are included throughout the entire analysis (design and validation). This is very important since, in current design practice, structures are assumed to behave non-linearly, and time delays induced by sensors and actuator devices are not avoidable. The proposed algorithm focuses on the instantaneous optimal control approach for the development of a control methodology where the non-linearities are brought into the analysis through a non-linear state vector and a non-linear open-loop term. An autoregressive (AR) model is used to predict the earthquake excitation to be considered in the prediction of the structural response. A performance index that is quadratic in the control force and in the predicted non-linear states, with two additional energy related terms, and that is subjected to a non-linear constraint equation, is minimized at every time step. The effectiveness of the proposed closed-open loop non-linear instantaneous optimal prediction control (CONIOPC) strategy is presented by the results of numerical simulations. Since non-linearity and time-delay effects are incorporated in the mathematical model throughout the derivation of the control methodology, good performance and stability of the controlled structural system are guaranteed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimated mass and stiffness matrices of shear building from modal test data

A method that estimates mass and stiffness matrices of shear building from modal test data is presented in this paper. The method depends on only measurable points that are less in number than the total structural degrees of freedom, and on the first two orders of structural mode measured. So it is applicable to most of the general test. Based on this method modal data of unmeasurable points are estimated, then global mass and stiffness matrices of structure are obtained by using the first two orders of modal data. Taking advantage of iteration the optimum global mass and stiffness matrices are gained. Finally, an example is studied in this paper. Its result shows that this method is reliable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大陆逃逸构造研究现状

大陆逃逸构造是陆内构造变形主要方式之一,系统总结分析逃逸构造形成机制,对建立大陆构造模式、认识大陆构造变形机理具有重要意义。基于目前发现的大陆逃逸构造,总结并提出了其力学机制、构造模型以及研究方法。大陆逃逸构造是板块碰撞后期在共轭的"Ⅴ"字形构造控制下发展而来的重要构造形式,协调了构造应力机制的转变。在力学机制方面,逃逸构造"Ⅴ"字型断裂带符合PGS模型（paired general-shear model）和先存构造活动性准则,该准则是基于库伦—摩尔准则和摩擦滑动律的扩展;构造模型方面,侧向逃逸和斜向挤出模式是逃逸构造的基本模型;研究方法方面,构造解析仍然是建立逃逸构造的基本方法,利用构造模拟进一步再现其变形过程与动力学机制是其必要的研究方法。      

Bannu Basin,fold-and-thrust belt of northern Pakistan: Subsurface imaging and its implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The Trans Indus-Salt Range, located in northern Pakistan, is one of the most tectonically active fold-and-thrust belts and comprises three main regions: the Potwar-Salt Range, the Kohat-Surghar Range and the Bannu Basin-Khisor Range. Of these, the Bannu Basin is the least studied and only a handful of publically accessible datasets and publications are available. Recently made public 2D seismic profiles and well data from the Bannu Basin indicate the presence of salt as well as evidence for a main detachment surface which is Neoproterozoic in age. Our findings suggest that the Salt Range Formation could be the main detachment for the entire basin.Interpretation also shows a Miocene-Eocene basin-wide unconformity that marks the Himalayan orogenic event which separates the pre-Himalayan from the syn-Himalayan sedimentary units. On the basis of seismic reflection data, we conclude that the basin experienced three main tectonic settings. An early stage of pre-Himalayan passive tectonic environment is followed by the compressional Himalayan tectonics which resulted in uplifted areas sourcing the fluviatile fill of the subsided basin. During this time, sedimentation from the northern margin of the basin may have influenced the southward flow of salt. This is followed by a more recent stage of thrusting that produced folds and thrusts deforming all of the sedimentary units.Structural geometries suggest that prospective traps are developed mainly in the anticlines outlining the eastern and western boundaries of the Bannu Basin, as well as the southern zone of the basin. Furthermore, the presence of salt diapirism and transpression zones together with numerous oil seeps in and around the basin increase the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation and indicate great potential for future exploration.     

Effect of Silica Fume on Compressive Strength of Oil-Polluted Concrete in Different Marine Environments

In the present research, effect of silica fume as an additive and oil polluted sands as aggregates on compressive strength of concrete were investigated experimentally. The amount of oil in the designed mixtures was assumed to be constant and equal to 2% of the sand weight. Silica fume accounting for 10%, 15% and 20% of the weight is added to the designed mixture. After preparation and curing, concrete specimens were placed into the three different conditions: fresh, brackish and saltwater environments (submerged in fresh water, alternation of exposed in air & submerged in sea water and submerged in sea water). The result of compressive strength tests shows that the compressive strength of the specimens consisting of silica fume increases significantly in comparison with the control specimens in all three environments. The compressive strength of the concrete with 15% silica fume content was about 30% to 50% higher than that of control specimens in all tested environments under the condition of using polluted aggregates in the designed mixture.     

地震岩问题

在过去的82年(1931—2013)中,共出现了39个成因术语。在这39个术语中,只有10个是真正沉积成因的(例如浊积岩),其他29个术语都是比较草率地提出的(just jargons;例如地震岩、海啸岩等)。“地震岩”(seismites)这一成因术语是赛拉赫(Seilacher,1969)提出的,它指沉积记录中的古地震。这是一个误用的(misnomer)术语。赛拉赫仅仅根据美国加利福尼亚州的中新统蒙特雷组(Miocene Montery Formation)10,m厚的露头观察,就匆忙地提出这个术语。他并未对这个露头进行认真的科学研究。最根本的问题是,地震是一个触动因素^①,并不是一个沉积作用。在古代的沉积记录中,鉴别不出各种触动因素(trigger)^②,因为自然界不能保留触动因素曾经存在过的证据。“软沉积物变形构造”(soft-sediment deformation structures,可简称为SSDS),通常被人们用来作为地震岩的鉴别标志,其实它是“液化作用”(liquefacation)的结果。液化作用可以由21种触动因素中的任何一种引起,其中包括地震(earthquake)、陨石冲击(meteorite impact)、海啸(tsunami)、沉积负载(sediment loading)等。在死海盆地中的角砾碎屑,所谓典型的由地震引起的沉积,实际上是常见的同沉积作用的碎屑流的产物,与地震没有关系。其他类型的SSDS,例如 “双向叠层构造”(duplex-like structures)和碎屑注入体(clastic injections),也可以说是同沉积作用的产物,与地震没有关系。世界上广泛分布的砂岩储油层,包括墨西哥湾、北海、挪威海、尼日利亚、赤道几内亚、加逢、孟加拉湾,都表明这些地区的SSDS的第一起因(primary cause)是沉积负载,其证据是可以观察到的和令人信服的。海啸及陨石冲击,都可以形成大量的沉积,例如SSDS的侧向延伸(lateral extent of SSDS),但这些沉积都不能当作地震的鉴别标志。位于印度东部大陆边缘的Krishna-Godavari(KG)盆地中的SSDS,是多种触动因素^①引起的沉积物的失控和液化作用的结果,即多成因的SSDS。由于这些原因,“地震岩”这个成因术语确实没有什么科学价值,应当废弃。     

九瑞矿集区三维电性结构研究及找矿意义

九瑞矿集区作为全国重点整装勘查区之一,深部找矿工作一直是研究重点和热点.本文在综合分析研究区区域地质资料、对典型地层和岩石标本进行电阻率参数测试和统计分析的基础上,利用研究区面积性AMT数据进行三维电性结构研究.为获得AMT最佳反演参数,选择一条典型AMT剖面开展二维非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)反演,进而总结出利用TM极化模式数据、拉格朗日乘子等于3的二维反演方案.综合利用地质、钻探和电性特征对全区23条AMT剖面进行二维约束反演,并将所有测线的电阻率反演结果三维网格化,得到了研究区的三维电性结构.最后,我们通过对三维电性结构的综合分析,确定研究区地下地层、岩体展布、断裂构造分布特征以及基底起伏情况.与已知矿床对比,我们发现浅部北西断裂与北东向区域性深部断裂交汇处、基底隆起凹槽边缘以及岩体边缘为成矿有利区.     

An isolation system for limited seismic gaps in near‐fault zones

The ability of a recently proposed seismic isolation system, with inherent self‐stopping mechanism, to mitigate or even eliminate seismic pounding of adjacent structures is investigated under severe near‐fault earthquakes. The isolation system is referred to as roll‐in‐cage (RNC) isolator. It is a rolling‐based isolator that provides in one unit the necessary functions of vertical rigid support, horizontal flexibility with enhanced stability, hysteretic energy dissipation, and resistance to minor vibration loads. In addition, the RNC isolator is distinguished by a self‐stopping (buffer) mechanism to limit the bearing displacement under excitations stronger than a design earthquake or at limited seismic gaps, and a linear gravity‐based self‐recentering mechanism to prevent permanent bearing displacement without causing vertical fluctuation of the isolated structure. A previously developed multifeature SAP2000 model of the RNC isolator is improved in this paper to account for the inherent buffer mechanism's damping. Then, the effectiveness of the isolator's buffer mechanism in limiting peak bearing displacements is studied together with its possibly arising negative influence on the isolation efficiency. After that, the study investigates how to alleviate or even eliminate those possibly arising drawbacks, due to the developed RNC isolator's inner pounding as a result of its buffer activation, to achieve efficient seismic isolation with no direct structure‐to‐structure pounding, considering limited seismic gaps with adjacent structures and near‐fault earthquakes. The results show that the RNC isolator could be an efficient solution for aseismic design in near‐fault zones considering limited seismic gaps. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.