On the variability of the sediment concentration in currents on steep slopes: a simplified approach

Based on the analysis of the results of flume experiments and on a simplified theoretical approach, a formula is proposed for the evaluation of the total solid load in a water–sediment current. The obtained results show that the sediment concentration of the water–sediment currents gradually varies from the typical values of bed load to those typical of debris flows, even when the clay concentration in the whole current is not negligible in comparison with the total solid load. The proposed simplified approach confirms the theoretical results obtained by the application of more complex rheological models. Besides the proposed theoretical interpretation of the laboratory experimental results seems to confirm a unified view of the different types of solid transport, that has been presented elsewhere.     

基于CT扫描的土石混合体三维数值网格的建立

根据CT扫描得到土石混合体切面图像信息,通过二值化和砾石边界识别技术提取砾石表面点云数据,应用逆向工程软件重构砾石的三维模型。编写APDL代码,在ANSYS中快速生成土石混合体的几何模型,借助ANSYS ICEM CFD强大、灵活的网格划分功能,对砾-土界面处网格进行加密,得到土石混合体的三维数值网格,采用接口程序,将数值网格导入FLAC3D中进行模拟计算。通过与无砾石模型计算结果的对比,说明了建立表征土石混合体结构特征的精细三维数值网格可以更加准确地描述土体,特别是砾-土界面的受力情况和变形特征,从而提高土石混合体数值模拟的精确度及可靠度。     

基于RapidEye影像的蚂蝗田小流域土壤侵蚀与岩溶石漠化分析

依据《岩溶地区水土流失综合治理技术标准》(SL461-2009),以蚂蝗田岩溶小流域为研究对象,实地测量了22组典型地物光谱,发现岩石和土壤在红光-近红外二维光谱特征空间具有线性分布规律,由此推导出土壤—岩石指数方程,并构建了岩溶区土壤侵蚀与石漠化强度分析技术流程。在此基础上,利用研究区RapidEye卫星遥感影像,通过提取土地利用、植被覆盖度、基岩裸露率和坡度等指标因子信息,实现了土壤侵蚀与岩溶石漠化强度的分析评价。研究发现:岩溶区土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖度呈负相关性,与坡度和基岩裸露率无单向相关性;岩溶石漠化与植被覆盖度呈负相关性,与坡度呈正相关性,与基岩裸露率呈线性相关。      

土石混合体斜坡地质结构精细探测新途径及其应用

土石混合体滑坡具有分布范围广、发生频率高、规律性差等显著特点,是西部山区及其重大工程建设中最为常见的灾害类型之一,其内部复杂的土-石结构是构成该类滑坡防治困难的关键因素。为了获取土石混合体斜坡接近真实的地质结构,提出通过探窗组合法,即采用高分辨的地球物理勘探方法进行地质结构探测,并借助探坑土石结构的图像处理技术予以补充,以初步实现地质结构的精细探测及宏-细观结构模型的统一。应用该方法,对湖南省南岳区拜殿乡土石混合体斜坡进行地质结构探测,获得了该斜坡接近真实的精细地质模型。该研究方法可为揭示滑坡形成演化的结构控制机制提供基础,使滑坡的预测和防治工作更加科学合理。     

基于数字图像技术的土石混合体边坡稳定性分析

土石混合体作为自然界中常见的一类岩土体,尤其在我国西南地区存在着不同成因及规模的土石混合体边坡,这些边坡的稳定性问题对于工程在施工及运营期间的安全性有着重要的意义。在传统的边坡稳定性分析中,通常将土石混合体边坡视为均质土坡,忽略其内部块石的存在,这给计算结果带来了很大的误差。运用数字图像处理技术,对西南地区一土石混合体边坡进行分析,建立其细观结构模型。在此基础上,运用有限元强度折减法开展相应的稳定性研究。结果表明,块石的存在使边坡内部应力场分布变得极其不均匀,计算搜索得到的滑动带具有明显的绕石特征,考虑块石时计算得到的稳定系数要较等效均质土坡的稳定系数高。     

大型土石混合体滑坡空间效应与稳定性研究

土石混合体滑坡是滑坡地质灾害中具有代表性的一类,由于该类滑坡在自然界中分布广泛并且较其他类型的滑坡更为复杂,常常给人类带来巨大的灾难。位于湖北省巴东县长江北岸的周家湾滑坡就属于这一类滑坡,该滑坡是著名的黄蜡石古滑坡群的重要组成部分。周家湾滑坡变形开始于20世纪80年代中期,滑坡导致地面出现张拉裂缝,近几年来变形逐步加剧,目前该滑坡处于蠕滑阶段。周家湾滑坡前缘为石榴树包滑坡的后壁,后缘为响石镐滑坡的坡脚,因此,周家湾滑坡的稳定性对响石镐滑坡及石榴树包滑坡存在着潜在的威胁。运用地质分析、工程地质力学分析等手段,剖析了周家湾滑坡体的地质环境、形态、结构等空间要素及其发育模式,并建立了相应的三维地质体概念模型。通过利用数值模拟技术,对滑坡体的稳定性、变形失稳机制进行了分析研究     

土石比对碎石土强夯地基加固效果影响规律瑞利波检测分析

为了探讨土石比及大粒径块石对碎块石土强夯加固效果的影响规律,对3组不同土石比条件下碎块石土强夯地基的瑞利波检测数据进行了对比分析。夯后波速曲线具有明显的突变性,并随着土石比的减小其突变程度增强,突变段与大粒径块石有较好的对应性。波速增加比例曲线具有垂直分区特征,土石比对强夯加固区厚度影响较大。大块石对周边土体存在较强的扰动作用,夯后波速曲线往往表现为突然锐减,特别是当其位于夯后场地表层或较多大块石距离较近时表现更加明显。当大块石位于强加密区内时,加固深度随着大块石埋深增加而减小,且其埋深越靠近波速增加峰值点时加固深度越浅。研究成果对碎块石填土强夯地基的设计和施工具有参考价值。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on the compression behavior of sand-marine clay mixtures within homogenization framework

In this paper, the compression behavior of sand-marine clay mixtures was investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. The test data reveal that the Normal Compression Line of a sand-clay mixture depends on both the sand fraction and the initial water content of the clay matrix. The local stress in the clay matrix σ′_c is approximately close to the overall stress of the sand-clay mixture σ′ for a sand mass fraction of 20%. The stress ratio, σ′_c/σ′, falls significantly with increasing overall stress for a sand fraction of 60%, which may be attributed to the formation of clay bridges between adjacent sand particles. A compression model was formulated within the homogenization framework. First, a homogenization equation was proposed, which gives a relationship between the overall stiffness E and that of the clay matrix Ec. Then, a model parameter ξ was incorporated considering the sensitivity of the structure parameter on the volume fraction of the clay matrix. Finally, a simple compression model with three model parameters was formulated using the tangent stiffness. Comparisons between the experimental data and simulations reveal that the proposed model can well represent the compression curves of the sand-marine clay mixtures observed in the laboratory.     

Tensile strength characteristics of contaminated and compacted sand-bentonite mixtures

A theoretical and experimental study of the unconfined penetration test (UP) method was conducted to determine the tensile strength of contaminated and compacted sand-bentonite mixtures, which are used widely in the landfill construction sites as a clay liner. To do this, the original UP device and experimental procedure were modified to reduce the measurement errors and named as the improved unconfined penetration (IUP) test. Experiments were carried out to examine the variation in tensile strength as a function of disk diameter, loading rate and pH level. The results of the experiments provided the following important findings. The tensile strength increases with an increase in the disk diameter. The tensile strength is not sensitive to the loading rate in the range of 0.1%/min–1.0%/min. A specimen compacted with a low pH value of water shows a high tensile strength, because a lower pH solution increases soil particle bonding stresses.     

三维极限平衡法在原位水平推剪试验中的应用

原位水平推剪试验是一种常用的试验方法,但由于在对类似与土石混合体这类极度不均匀的岩土体进行试验时,其滑动面通常极为不规则。作者在三维极限平衡理论分析的基础上,推导出了野外大型原位水平推剪试验在考虑三维滑动面时的强度参数计算方法,并采用VC .NET编制了相应的数据处理系统(HPT-3D),为原位水平推剪试样提供了新的处理技术。将该法应用于虎跳峡龙蟠右岸土石混合体的现场水平推剪试验中,得到了一些有益的结论。