高效废物处置库的混合型缓冲回填材料压缩特性研究

高放废物处置库中缓冲回填材料需要预先压缩到一定密实度,其压缩特性对处置库的安全设计、施工及运营有重要影响。目前,国内初步考虑将膨润土-砂混合物作为缓冲回填材料的首选。采用WG型单杠杆固结仪,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物进行侧限压缩试验研究。试验结果表明：随着干密度的增大,压缩系数呈二次曲线减小;随着掺砂率的增大,压缩系数呈非线性增大。通过引入有效黏土密度和有效含水率的概念,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物的压缩系数进行解释,并根据试验数据得到了回归的数学模型,试图为缓冲回填材料的配比优化研究提供相关依据。     

建筑废渣-黏土混合料压实特性试验研究

将建筑废渣按一定比例与黏土掺合形成的渣土混合料用作填筑材料,具有显著的社会经济与环保效益。为了揭示渣土混合料的压实特性,利用击实试验研究渣料含量和初始级配对渣土混合料压实性能及颗粒破碎特性的影响。研究结果显示,与黏土相比,渣土混合料的最优含水率较低而最大干密度较高,尽管渣料的初始级配有所不同,渣土混合料的最优含水率随掺渣量的增加而减小,最大干密度随掺渣量的增加而先增后减,并存在着一个约为30%的最优掺渣量;击实作用下渣料颗粒的相对破碎率随掺渣量的增加而增加,与初始级配均匀的渣料相比,相同掺渣量下初始级配不均匀渣料的相对破碎率较小,但受渣料初始颗粒大小的影响不大;与初始较小颗粒渣料的混合料相比,初始较大颗粒渣料的混合料的最大干密度较大,表明宽级配的渣土混合料压实性能较好。渣土混合料的压实特性通过结合掺渣量、颗粒破碎特性与渣土混合料结构响应分析得到合理解释。     

不同应力路径下土石混填体变形力学特性大型三轴试验研究

为更加全面地掌握土石混填体的变形、力学特性,采用大型三轴剪切仪分别在常规路径、等应力比路径和等p路径下对不同含石量的土石混填体进行了一系列试验研究。试验结果表明,在低围压下土石混填体的应变软化特征并不明显,其黏聚力普遍较低,而内摩擦角则较高,随试样的含石量从25%增加到70%,其内摩擦角和变形模量亦会随之增加。土石混填体在常规路径和等p路径下的应力-应变关系曲线比较相似,其所求得的抗剪强度指标亦比较接近;而等应力比路径下的应力-应变关系曲线的形态和发展过程均与之存在明显差别。土石混填体在常规路径下具有低压剪胀和高压剪缩的特性,含石量越高,低压剪胀性越明显,反之,则高压剪缩性更为显著;等应力比路径下试样的体积应变与轴向应变之间近似呈线性关系,其斜率随应力比增加而减小;等p路径下试样则是以剪胀性为主,尤其在平均主应力较低时更为显著。     

An entrainment model for non‐uniform sediment

A model was developed for the prediction of the entrainment rate of non‐uniform sediment considering the movement of bedforms. Laboratory experiments were conducted to advance the formulations of the proposed model and to validate and estimate the model parameters. The model parameters were related to the hydraulic conditions of the flow and the properties of the sediment mixtures using dimensional analysis and gene expression programming. The model incorporated four parameters on its formulation, namely the Shields stress and critical Shields stress to describe the hydraulic and sediment conditions of the flow, the Kramer coefficient of uniformity to describe the grain size distribution of a particular sediment mixture, and the relative position of a particular grain size fraction to the geometric mean to describe the entrainment rate of that fraction within the sediment mixture. The proposed model provided satisfactorily predictions with a deviation less than 25% between the measured and predicted values for most of the fractions, which confirms the validity of the proposed approach and model in predicting of the entrainment rates of various fractions. The model predictions were also compared with other models available for the prediction of the entrainment rate of non‐uniform sediment. The model predictions were within the same order of magnitude of the other models’ predictions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modeling of bedload and suspended load contributions to morphological evolution of the Seine Estuary (France)

This numerical modeling study (i) assesses the influence of the sediment erosion process on the sediment dynamics and subsequent morphological changes of a mixed-sediment environment, the macrotidal Seine estuary, when non-cohesive particles are dominant within bed mixtures (non-cohesive regime), and (ii) investigates respective contributions of bedload and suspended load in these dynamics. A three dimensional (3D) process-based morphodynamic model was set up and run under realistic forcings (including tide, waves, wind, and river discharge) during a 1-year period. Applying erosion homogeneously to bed sediment in the non-cohesive regime, i.e., average erosion parameters in the erosion law (especially the erodibility parameter, E₀), leads to higher resuspension of fine sediment due to the presence of coarser fractions within mixtures, compared to the case of an independent treatment of erosion for each sediment class. This results in more pronounced horizontal sediment flux (two-fold increase for sand, +30% for mud) and erosion/deposition patterns (up to a two-fold increase in erosion over shoals, generally associated with some coarsening of bed sediment). Compared to observed bathymetric changes, more relevant erosion/deposition patterns are derived from the model when independent resuspension fluxes are considered in the non-cohesive regime. These results suggest that this kind of approach may be more relevant when local grain-size distributions become heterogeneous and multimodal for non-cohesive particles. Bedload transport appears to be a non-dominant but significant contributor to the sediment dynamics of the Seine Estuary mouth. The residual bedload flux represents, on average, between 17 and 38% of the suspended sand flux, its contribution generally increasing when bed sediment becomes coarser (can become dominant at specific locations). The average orientation of residual fluxes and erosion/deposition patterns caused by bedload generally follow those resulting from suspended sediment dynamics. Sediment mass budgets cumulated over the simulated year reveal a relative contribution of bedload to total mass budgets around 25% over large erosion areas of shoals, which can even become higher in sedimentation zones. However, bedload-induced dynamics can locally differ from the dynamics related to suspended load, resulting in specific residual transport, erosion/deposition patterns, and changes in seabed nature.     

A hydro-geochemical analysis of the saturation process with salt water of a bentonite crushed granite rock mixture in an engineered nuclear barrier

A MX-80 sodium bentonite crushed granite rock mixture is being saturated in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory managed by SKB (the Swedish Company of nuclear waste management) as part of the “Backfill and Plug Test Project”. The Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory is placed in the Swedish Island of Äspö, an underground full-scale laboratory where different testing construction procedures and handling techniques are being studied. The groundwater of Äspö has a variable salt concentration according to the zone considered. The added water during the mixing process of both materials had an average salt concentration of 6 g/L. However, backfill is being saturated with salt water containing higher salt content (up to 16 g/L, 50 / 50 of NaCl and CaCl₂ by mass) to speed up the saturation process. The mixture swelling capacity is small due to the low backfill bentonite content, but its activity is still large if compared with natural clayey soils. A coupled hydro-chemical approach was used to simulate the backfill hydration process, comparing the results with in situ measurements. An intrinsic permeability law, depending on salt concentration in the liquid phase, was incorporated into the model. The retention curve was also determined taking into account the effect of the chemical species on backfill behaviour. The simulation of the saturation process shows the importance of studying these problems with a HC (hydro-chemical) formulation, especially if long term behaviour of such mixtures is going to be reproduced.     

土石混合体注浆扩散机制及影响因素试验研究

为了研究浆液在土石混合体中的扩散机制及其影响因素,以重庆地区土石混合体为研究对象,研制了一套可重复使用的室内注浆模型试验系统,开展了不同含石量、孔隙比、浆液黏度和注浆压力等条件下土石混合体注浆模型试验研究。研究结果表明：浆液在土石混合体中主要以渗透、劈裂的方式扩散。当含石量由低到高变化时,浆液主要扩散方式由劈裂扩散转化为渗透扩散;中等含石量时,劈裂扩散与渗透扩散相当。在试验的基础上,结合支持向量机制论建立了土石混合体注浆扩散半径预测模型,并基于该模型的计算结果,获得了渗透扩散半径和劈裂扩散半径影响因素的影响次序分别为：含石量>浆液黏度>孔隙比>注浆压力、含石量>注浆压力>浆液黏度>孔隙比。含石量对扩散形式的影响最大,对扩散半径值的影响占主导地位,建议实际工程中应根据土体含石量分区段进行注浆技术参数设计。     

土石混合体REV尺度数值方法研究

土石混合体是一类较为复杂的宏观二元介质不连续岩土体,不同的块体分布情况及不同的试件尺度导致其具有不同的等效强度特性。基于随机集合体构造（RA S）方法构建了土石混合体的随机模型,编制程序实现了随机模型的输出和数值模型的生成。以西南某大型堆积体滑坡中的典型土石混合体为例,考虑含石量和不同粒径分布规律,建立多组不同尺寸随机模型,进行了大量的数值试验,得到了强度表征单元体积（REV）尺度,在此基础上得到了等效强度参数,并分析了土石混合体受力性能和渐进破坏模式。研究结果表明,土石混合体存在REV尺度,案例所得的REV尺度为1.0 m×1.0 m,不同尺度数值计算结果有一定差别,基于REV尺度的力学参数才符合工程意义。     

Toxicity of metal mixtures to the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

According to the literature, the safe level of a toxic substance for any given organism may be calculated from its median lethal concentration multiplied by a suitable application factor (AF: usually 0.1 and 0.01). The medial lethal concentrations for Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae exposed to the mixtures in equitoxic proportions of Cd–Hg, Hg–Zn and Hg–Pb were close to one order of magnitude lower than the values calculated from individual toxicity tests, indicating a synergistic effect, while the mixture Cd–Zn showed an antagonistic effect. Exposure to the mixture of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb caused 63.3% and 100% mortality after 21 and 13 days for 0.05 and 0.1 AF, showing that environmental safe concentrations of toxicants should not be calculated from individual toxicity tests.     

冻土区土石混合体冻融交界面剪切性能研究

随着全球气候变暖,多年冻土加速退化,冻土区土石混合体边坡稳定性问题日益突出。为探究不同含水率和碎石含量对土石混合体冻融交界面剪切强度的影响。开展土石混合体冻融交界面直剪试验,得出含水率（21%、24%、27%、30%）和含石率（0%、10%、20%、30%、35%、40%）对土石混合体冻融交界面抗剪强度变化的影响规律。试验结果表明：含水率对土石混合体冻融交界面强度的影响可分为快速下降和缓慢下降两个阶段。当含水率从21%增加到27%的过程中,土石混合体冻融交界面强度下降迅速。当含水率从27%增加到30%的过程中,界面抗剪强度继续下降,但下降速率减慢,即含水率对界面强度影响的阈值在27%左右。随着碎石含量增加,界面抗剪强度一直处于增长趋势。当含石率为10%的交界面强度相比不含石的交界面强度有明显增加,最大增长幅度为33%。当含石率大于30%时,土体抗剪强度增长迅速,即含石率对界面强度影响的阈值在30%左右。当含石率一定时,交界面处摩擦角随着含水率增加逐渐减小,在含水率达到27%后变化缓慢,而交界面黏聚力在含水率达到27%前快速减小后趋于缓慢下降。当含水率一定时,随着含石率增加,交界面摩擦角一直处于增长,尤其在含石率超过30%后增长迅速。当含石率从0%增加到30%的过程中,黏聚力先有小幅度下降后处于平缓增长趋势,在含石率超过30%后迅速增加而后又趋于平缓。