Unmixing magnetic remanence curves without a priori knowledge

Many of the natural materials studied in rock and environmental magnetism contain a mixed assemblage of mineral grains with a variety of different origins. Mathematical decomposition of the bulk magnetic mineral assemblage into populations with different properties can therefore be a source of useful environmental information. Previous investigations have shown that such unmixing into component parts can provide insights concerning source materials, transport processes, diagenetic alteration, authigenic mineral growth and a number of other processes. A new approach will be presented that performs a linear unmixing of remanence data into coercivity based end-members using only a minimal number of assumptions. A non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm for unmixing remanence data into constituent end-members is described with case studies to demonstrate the utility of the approach. The shape of the end-members and their abundances obtained by NMF is based solely on the variation in the measured data set and there is no requirement for mathematical functions or type curves to represent individual components. Therefore, in contrast to previous approaches that aimed to unmix curves into components corresponding to individual minerals and domain states, NMF produces a genetically more meaningful decomposition showing how a data set can be represented as a linear sum of invariant parts. It has been found that the NMF algorithm performs well for both absolute and normalized remanence curves, with the capacity to process thousands of measured data points rapidly.     

排土场土石混合体分形特征与抗剪强度特性研究

露天矿山剥离堆积的土石混合体颗粒尺度不一,且力学性质异常复杂。以西藏甲玛铜矿南坑排土场为研究对象,采用现场勘测的方法测定堆积体的粒度组成及其分布特征,开展室内重塑土样的固结排水三轴压缩试验,以分析土体屈服强度特性与剪胀性,以及抗剪强度参数的取值。研究结果表明,自排土台阶坡顶至坡底,土石混合体的土粒减少且块石增多,颗粒的平均粒径呈指数关系增大;土体的粒度分布具有显著的分形结构特征,随块石含量的增大,其粒度分形维数减小。块石含量不同的土样在偏差应力作用下均表征出压密、屈服、塑性流动破坏的剪切特性,且围压条件与块石含量是影响土体剪切变形的两个关键因素,低围压时增加块石含量,土体更易产生剪胀。摩尔库伦强度准则能客观反映土体屈服的现象及过程,随块石含量的增加,土体的黏聚力呈线性减小且内摩擦角呈指数增大。     

基于小波域高斯尺度混合模型的天气雷达图像高分辨率插值

采用可精确刻画雷达回波强度数据统计特征的小波域高斯尺度混合（GSM）模型作为雷达图像先验模型,进行天气雷达图像插值,在提高图像分辨率的同时有效重建降水回波中局部强回波值、小尺度变化细节等一些重要空间分布统计特征。分析和总结雷达回波强度数据小波频率域统计特点,建立小波域GSM模型;匹配天气雷达图像小波系数和GSM模型,利用贝叶斯理论估计更小尺度的小波系数,进行小波逆变换,完成高分辨率天气雷达图像插值。试验表明,该算法能从低分辨率图像中估计出高分辨率高频系数,且所利用的先验模型充分考虑降水数据本身的特点,可有效捕获降水回波结构的非高斯特征和局部相关特性,重建雷达图像中的局部变化细节。      

A three‐phase model for unsaturated soils

A comprehensive framework to define the constitutive behaviour of unsaturated soils is developed within the theory of mixtures applied to three‐phase porous media. Each of the three phases is endowed with its own strain and stress. Elastic and elastic–plastic constitutive equations are developed. Particular emphasis is laid on the interactions between the phases both in the elastic and plastic regimes. Nevertheless, the clear structure of the constitutive equations requires a minimal number of material parameters. Their identification is provided: in particular, it incorporates directly the soil–water characteristic curve. Crucial to the formulation is an appropriate definition of the effective stress. The coupled influence of this effective stress and of suction makes it possible to describe qualitatively many of the characteristic features observed in experiments, e.g. for normally consolidated soils, a plastic behaviour up to air entry followed by an elastic behaviour at increasing suctions, and, on the way back, an elastic behaviour, unless compression is applied in which case plastic collapse occurs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于骨架孔隙比的土石混合料强度变形特性

土石混合体是由具有一定尺寸石块、作为充填成分的土体及孔隙等组成的混合体,其强度变形特性与细粒（土粒）含量密切相关。为研究不同细粒含量土石混合料强度变形特性,建议采用以承担骨架作用的颗粒的孔隙比（骨架孔隙比）反映土石混合料内部真实密实情况。开展了系列压实试验,建立了考虑土石级配的土石混合料堆积模型,进而推导了土石混合料骨架孔隙比表达式,并通过室内三轴排水剪切试验,验证了骨架孔隙比用以预测土石混合料强度变形特性的有效性。结果表明：相较于常规定义的整体孔隙比,骨架孔隙比能更好地表示土石混合料内部颗粒接触状态,反映材料内部“真密实”情况;利用骨架孔隙比概念,可以仅由纯石/土料强度变形特性预测不同细粒含量的土石混合料强度变形特性。     

含石量和颗粒破碎对土石混合料强度的影响研究

The characteristics of particle breakage and shear strength of soil-rock aggregate with six rock contents under six normal pressures were studied from macro and mecro perspectives by large-scale direct shear test, particle observation test and particle sieving test. The relationship between macroscopic shear strength properties and mecroscopic particle breakage characteristics was established, thus further revealing the influence mechanism of rock content and particle breakage on the shear strength characteristics of soil-rock aggregate. The results showed that particle breakage mainly occurred near the shear plane. The breakage morphology can be divided into surface grinding, local fracture, complete fracture and complete breakage, resulting from the stress concentration caused by uneven contact forces between particles. Due to particle breakage, the content of fine particles increased, coarse grains decreased, and intermediate grains fluctuated. The relative particle breakage Br increased with the increase of normal pressure ?n or rock content P5, which accorded with the function of two variables. With the increase of normal pressure ?n, the shear strength τ increased nonlinearly and met the modified M-C strength criterion. When the rock content P5 increased, the cohesive force c0 of soil-rock aggregate decreased, the internal friction angle ?0 of soil-rock aggregate increased, and the non-linear parameter Δ? increased. Particle breakage was the direct cause of non-linear strength characteristics of soil-rock aggregate.     

循环荷载下土石混合体力学特性野外试验研究

土石混合体是一种物理、力学性质非常复杂的不连续介质。以云南某高速公路土石混合体边坡为例,分别对选取的3个试验点进行了单调加载、循环加载一次及多次循环加载试验,获取了其相应的剪切位移-剪切应力关系曲线,并对其曲线特征进行分析研究。通过对试样三维滑动面的形态分析,指出由于土石混合体三维滑动面的不规则性,利用传统的二维计算方法难以得到较为准确的强度参数。基于三维极限平衡理论,提出了土石混合体水平推剪试样强度参数的三维数据计算方法。并利用该方法得到了研究区土石混合体的相应的强度参数及残余强度参数。     

罗布泊硫酸镁亚型卤水制取钾混盐工艺试验研究

研究目的在于探讨用罗布泊罗北凹地卤水制取硫酸钾混盐的一种新方法。设计要求在冬季生产备用卤水，至春、夏季与原卤水混合，用以改变罗北凹地生产卤水的成分，而不需要加入钾矿物就可以把卤水成分点在五元体相图中的位置调整到最佳蒸发点，后经蒸发及兑卤等流程生产出高质量的钾混盐，即可获得含杂质较低硫酸钾镁盐。采用罗北凹地冬季冻卤水与春、夏季卤水混合生产钾混盐，方案是可行的，生产成本亦较低。     

Numerical determination of the effective permeability coefficient of soil–rock mixtures using the numerical manifold method

The present study extends the numerical manifold method to investigate the effective permeability coefficient (k_eff) of soil–rock mixtures. The influence of rock content, rock size, rock shape, and rock blocks' major axis direction on k_eff is studied. The results show the following: (1) k_eff decreases as the rock content increases; (2) the influence of rock size on k_eff can be neglected if other parameters are fixed; (3) the values of k_eff are nearly the same if rock blocks are in circular or regular hexagon shapes; and (4) the major axis direction of rock blocks has some influence on k_eff.     

格子玻耳兹曼方法计算混合物整体电导率

本文采用格子玻耳兹曼方法计算混合物的整体电导率．整体电导率与各组分的电导率、体积分数和混合物结构有关．数值计算方法的有效性通过两相混合物并联或串联模型的解析解加以验证．对随机分布模型的计算发现格子玻耳兹曼方法得到的电导率落在H S理论边界内．对Al Bi合金整体电导率的数值模拟结果和实验结果非常相近．对饱和水岩石的介电常数的计算与实验结果相比误差较小．格子玻耳兹曼方法为混合物的整体电导率的计算提供了一个有效的途径.