黄土高原北部土地利用变化对长期土壤水分平衡影响模拟

为探明土地利用变化对黄土高原长期土壤水分平衡的影响,利用校验的Hydrus-1D模型模拟黄土高原北部神木六道沟小流域1981—2050年农耕地—苜蓿草地—天然草地情景下0~4 m土壤水分变化过程,量化土壤储水量、深层渗漏和蒸散发等水文变量的演变特征。结果显示:①农耕地期间年降水的88%为蒸散发消耗,11%为渗漏损失。②苜蓿草地种植后6 a内,蒸散发大幅增加至年降水的108%,土壤水分负平衡,0~4 m土壤储水量以52 mm/a的速率降低;至7~13 a,年降水几乎全部被蒸散发消耗。③苜蓿草地转变为天然草地后,蒸散发量下降31%,土壤水分以45 mm/a的速率逐渐补给,之后年降水量的92%用于蒸散发,8%为渗漏消耗,土壤水分处于相对稳定状态。研究表明不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分平衡模式具有显著差异,种植高耗水植被可造成土壤水分负平衡,导致土壤干燥化,进而对土壤水分补给产生负面效应,改变植被类型可使土壤干层得到有效改善。     

黑土的水土流失及其保育治理

黑土因其肥沃而闻名，但其退化和水土流失问题往往易被忽略。虽然在人类影响下的现代环境过程开始较晚，但黑土区的环境已发生了较大的变化。对黑土水土流失的现状进行了评价，指出了黑土保育治理的必要性与紧迫性，提出了治理保育措施。     

The Frozen Soils and Devastating Characteristics of West Kunlun Mountains Pass Ms 8.1 Earthquake Area in 2001

The investigation on damages to frozen soil sites during the West Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake with Ms 8.1 in 2001 shows that the frozen soil in the seismic area is composed mainly of moraine, alluvial deposit, diluvial deposit and lacustrine deposit with the depth varying greatly along the earthquake rupture zone. The deformation and rupture of frozen soil sites are mainly in the form of coseismic fracture zones caused by tectonic motion and fissures,liquefaction, seismic subsidence and collapse resulting from ground motion. The earthquake fracture zones on the surface are main brittle deformations, which, under the effect of sinlstral strike-slip movement, are represented by shear fissures, tensional cracks and compressive bulges. The distribution and configuration patterns of deformation and rupture such as fissures, liquefaction, seismic subsidence and landslides are all related to the ambient rock and soil conditions of the earthquake area. The distribution of earthquake damage is characterized by large-scale rupture zones, rapid intensity attenuation along the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Highway, where buildings distribute and predominant effect of rock and soil conditions.     

成都经济区土壤质量地球化学评估

通过对成都经济区土壤重金属元素和有益元素含量高低的测定,参照相关国家或行业标准,根据土壤环境质量、土壤养分质量进行地球化学分等,最终进行土壤质量地球化学评价。结果表明:成都经济区土壤质量以Ⅲ、Ⅳ等为主,占调查面积的56.05%左右,土壤较清洁,养分较高,适宜农业生产;其次是Ⅴ、Ⅵ等,占总面积的39.02%左右,土壤存在不同程度的重金属污染现象,养分低,应加强管理;Ⅰ、Ⅱ等土壤面积仅占4.95%,是发展有机、无公害农业的理想区域,应注意强化保护和合理利用。     

1970-2019年黄浦江上游年最高潮位变化及驱动因子

黄浦江年最高潮位变化关系到上海市的防洪安全,本文基于米市渡站1970－2019年年最高潮位、太湖流域降水量等数据,研究了近50 年来黄浦江上游年最高潮位的变化趋势和变异特性、发生频率变化以及潮位变化的驱动因子。结果表明：年最高潮位在1970－2019年总体呈显著上升趋势,上升幅度为81 cm,年均上升1.62 cm。1995年之后出现跳跃式的波动上升,1996－2002年相对1995年之前较大幅度上升,2003－2011年相比1996－2002年出现较明显下降,之后又较大幅度上升。随着潮位升高,各频率对应的最高潮位均较大幅度增加,升高幅度均达0.9 m以上,五十年一遇、百年一遇、千年一遇高潮位分别由1970年条件下的3.77 m、3.81 m、3.94 m升高到2019年条件下的4.71 m、4.75 m、4.92 m。与此同时,相同潮位下的重现期急剧减小,高潮位发生频率大幅度增加。分析认为,年最高潮位升高受气候变化和人类活动的综合影响,1970－1995年主要受降水量变化等气候因素的影响,1996－2019年主要受水利工程、台风频率增加等因素的影响,尤其是太湖流域太浦河等工程的修建起重要作用。     

Limestone Dissolution Processes in Beke Doline Aggtelek National Park,Hungary

Aggtelek National Park, Hungary, is a limestone karst upland characterized by karren, dolines and river caves. For a period of two years, climatic and carbonate dissolution variables were monitored at four depths in a 7·5 m shaft through the soil fill in the floor of a typical large (150 m diameter) doline. Results are compared to other monitoring stations in the shallow soils on side slopes. Runoff and groundwater flow are focused into the base of the doline soil fill, where moisture is maintained at 70–90 per cent field capacity and temperatures permit year-round production of soil CO₂. The capacity to dissolve calcite (limestone) ranges from c. 3 g m⁻² per year beneath thin soils on the driest slopes to 17–30 g m⁻² per year in the top 1–2 m of doline fill and at its base 5–7 m below. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Occurrence Time of an Earthquake Cluster in the Shanxi Reservoir

INTRODUCTIONEarthquake induced byreservoir is a kind of crust motion andis an outcome of the joint functionof current crustal movement andreservoir storage .The cause of reservoir-induced earthquakesincludesthe decrease of strengthand elasticity modulus of rockonthe one hand,andthe decrease of friction offault surface because of water permeation onthe other .The more large-scale reservoirs built ,the more reservoir-induced earthquakes will happen.As iswell known,reservoir-induced earthqua…     

不同干密度非饱和膨胀土的三轴试验研究

重塑非饱和膨胀土的结构特征是影响其强度和变形等性质的重要因素。在不同初始干密度下击实的试样具有不同的初始结构。吸力和净围压的作用使得试样结构产生变化,从而呈现出不同的剪切特征。进行了一系列的控制吸力的三轴试验,试验结果表明,吸力和净围压的增加使得试样的抗剪强度提高,剪胀性减小;初始干密度大的试样也有更高的强度,且呈现出明显的剪胀现象。     

基于Copula理论的粗粒土渗透破坏临界水力比降估值

破坏水力比降是土体渗透稳定性分析和渗流控制的基础。以渗透变形试验为基础,分析了粗粒土临界水力比降与孔隙比、级配不均匀系数和曲率系数间的相关性。利用Copula理论适合建立多个非独立变量间联合分布函数的优点,构造了拟合粗粒土临界水力比降 、孔隙比e、级配不均匀系数 和曲率系数 间相关关系的最优Copula函数,并将其应用于粗粒土临界水力比降估值。结果表明：具有单参数的四维对称Archimedean Copula函数的Nelsen No 6为最优Copula函数。利用构造的最优Copula函数求条件概率,便可得到粗粒土临界水力比降估值的保证率,或者计算在一定保证率条件下临界水力比降估值。通过比较临界水力比降试验值与Copula理论方法、Terzaghi公式及刘杰公式估值,阐述了Copula理论的可靠性,为建立粗粒土临界水力比降与孔隙比及级配特征的多变量统计概率关系及临界水力比降估值提供了一种新途径。     

Semi‐analytical solution to one‐dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loading

This paper presents semi‐analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan's one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loadings. Two variables are introduced to transform two coupled governing equations of pore‐water and pore‐air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved by the Laplace transform. The pore‐water pressure, pore‐air pressure and settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. Crump's method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain semi‐analytical solutions in time domain. It is shown that the present solutions are more general and have a good agreement with the existing solutions from literatures. Furthermore, the current solutions can also be degenerated into conventional solutions to one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with homogeneous boundaries. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to illustrate consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils under four types of time‐dependent loadings, including instantaneous loading, ramp loading, exponential loading and sinusoidal loading. Parametric studies are illustrated by variations of pore‐air pressure, pore‐water pressure and settlement at different values of the ratio of air–water permeability coefficient, depth and loading parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.