Raindrop‐impact‐induced erosion processes and prediction: a review

Raindrop‐impact‐induced erosion is initiated when detachment of soil particles from the surface of the soil results from an expenditure of raindrop energy. Once detachment by raindrop impact has taken place, particles are transported away from the site of the impact by one or more of the following transport processes: drop splash, raindrop‐induced flow transport, or transport by flow without stimulation by drop impact. These transport processes exhibit varying efficiencies. Particles that fall back to the surface as a result of gravity produce a layer of pre‐detached particles that provides a degree of protection against the detachment of particles from the underlying soil. This, in turn, influences the erodibility of the eroding surface. Good understanding of rainfall erosion processes is necessary if the results of erosion experiments are to be properly interpreted. Current process‐based erosion prediction models do not deal with the issue of temporal variations in erodibility during a rainfall event or variabilities in erodibility associated with spatial changes in dominance of the transport processes that follow detachment by drop impact. Although more complex erosion models may deal with issues like this, their complexity and high data requirement may make them unsuitable for use as general prediction tools. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of source water to cedar elm in a central Texas riparian ecosystem

A riparian ecosystem downstream of a small dam in central Texas was instrumented for sap flow, soil moisture content, and stream level from 2001. Stable isotopes in water (D and ¹⁸O) were analysed from rainfall, stream, lake, and cored sapwood cellulose from cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia). The isotope signature of water source to cedar elm was identified by back calculation starting with the water isotopes in cellulose, and accounting for leaf‐water evaporation and biological fractionation during cellulose synthesis. The estimated mean isotope of the source water to cedar elm was enriched above rainfall in similarity to stream water during 2002. Flow paths that may have contributed to estimated variability from regional base flow and recharge water were identified using the variably saturated HYDRUS‐2D model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of snow and soil frost melting on the concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus in two rural watersheds in Western Finland

Hydrological processes are known to have a considerable effect on nutrient transport from agricultural land to watercourses. In cold temperate regions peak discharges are caused not only by storm conditions but also by melting of snow and frost. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of snow and frost melt on concentrations of phosphorus and suspended solids. The samples were taken using flowweighted automatic sampling techniques from two agricultural drainage basins. During the beginning of the snowmelt period the concentration of suspended solids was rather low by comparison with the total phosphorus concentration and the discharge. The different behaviour compared with the relationships found during storm conditions was probably caused by continuous extraction of the soil surface by low ionic concentration melt water, and to some extent by leaching from plant residues. The gradual decrease of total phosphorus concentration during the frost thawing period could be attributed to the gradually increasing proportion of the subsurface and ground water discharge in the runoff.     

福建滨海木麻黄林下土壤性质的变化及其对林带更新的影响

研究了福建滨海沙地木麻黄防护林Ｍｏ的生物地球化学循环特征和林下土壤ｐＨ的变化，发现因Ｍｏ的生物地球化学循环不平衡引起的土壤微量元素Ｍｏ的耗竭和土壤的酸化是木麻黄林早衰和迹地更新生长不良的重要原因。提出了相应的对策建议。     

土壤侵蚀治理范式与生态学理论的耦合关系

目前土壤侵蚀已经成为全球普遍关注的环境问题, 土壤侵蚀治理范式是近年水土保持研 究中的一个热点。本文探讨了“范式”在科学研究中的变迁过程以及对土壤侵蚀防治的重要意义, 并且讨论了土壤侵蚀防治范式与生态学范式之间的耦合关系, 指出生态学思想对土壤侵蚀科学 的发展有重要的借鉴作用, 强调在进行土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须考虑生态因子。土壤侵蚀过程和 生态过程是相互渗透在一起, 它们之间所表现的是相辅相成的耦合关系, 生态学中的自然均衡思 想、系统非平衡态理论、等级缀块动态理论都深刻的影响着土壤侵蚀科学的发展并且都得到不同 程度的应用。在土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须重视生态环境平衡思想。     

抗滑桩间土拱力学特性与最大桩间距分析

抗滑桩最大桩间距确定的基础理论至今未建立起来，工程实践中仍依赖专家经验。本文从方桩桩间土拱形成的原理、力学特性论证入手，较全面地分析了桩间土拱的受力、变形，力的传递和土拱破坏瞬间的最大桩间距。并建立了最大桩间距平面计算模型。     

不同覆盖条件对土壤水热分布影响的计算机模拟Ⅰ——数学模型

本文建立了用于数值解的不同覆盖条件下土壤二维水热运动数学模型。该模型中多孔材料覆盖层(砂砾、秸秆等)被当作传热多孔介质处理,对水分传输的影响被当乍具有一定阻力的阻挡层处理,且将油纸、塑膜及土面增温剂等均视为薄膜类材料。省略了许多假设条件,因而使覆盖效应的研究建立在更加科学的基础上,可以更为深入地了解覆盖层在不同气候条件下对土壤水分蒸发、入渗及地温影响机理和程度。为综合评价和选用农用覆盖材料及其参数提供了手段。     

浙江湖州地区膨胀土特征探讨

文章通过膨胀土的分布、成因类型、成分和结构特征及物理、力学性质的分析 ,证实膨胀土并非是理想的持力层     

Transport of water in frozen soil IV. Analysis of experimental results on the effects of ice content

Effects of ice content on the transport of water in frozen soil are studied experimentally and theoretically under isothermal conditions. A physical law, that the flux of water in unsaturated frozen soil is proportional to the gradient of total water content is proposed. Theoretical justification is made by the use of the two-phase flow theory. The experimental results are shown to support the proposed physical law. The results of this study are presented in two parts and this is the second paper describing the theoretical aspects of the study.     

Seasonal dynamics of soil CO_2 effluxes with responses to environmental factors in lower subtropical forests of China

Seasonal metrics and environmental responses to forestry soil surface CO2 emission effluxes among three types of lower subtropical forests were consistently monitored over two years with static chamber-gas chromatograph techniques among three types of lower subtropical forests. Results showed that annual CO2 effluxes (S L) reached 3942.20, 3422.36 and 2163.02 CO2 g·m-2·a-1, respectively in the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest and coniferous forest. All the three types of forests revealed the same characteristics of seasonal changes with the CO2 effluxes peaking throughout June to August. During this peaking period, the effluxes were 35.9%, 38.1% and 40.2% of the total annual effluxes, respectively. The CO2 emission process responding to the environmental factors displayed significantly different patterns in forestry soils of the three types of forests. The coniferous forest (CF) was more sensitive to temperature than the other two types. The Q10 values were higher, along with greater seasonal variations of the CO2 efflux, indicating that the structurally unique forestry ecosystem has disadvantage against interferences. All the three types of forestry CO2 effluxes showed significant correlation with the soil temperature (Ts), soil water content (Ms) and air pressure (Pa). However, stepwise regression analysis indicated no significant correlation between air pressure and the soil CO2 efflux. With an empirical model to measure soil temperature and water content in 5 cm beneath the soil surface, the CO2 effluxes accounting for 75.7%, 77.8% and 86.5% of the efflux variability respectively in soils of BF, MF and PF were calculated. This model can be better used to evaluate the CO2 emission of soils under water stress and arid or semi-arid conditions.