土壤有机质含量估测及其影响因素的光谱分析

 土壤颗粒大小差异使土壤反射光谱产生相应变化,影响土壤有机质含量等属性的光谱预测精度。本研究准备了颗粒粒径分别为2、0.25和0.15mm的土样,测定土壤有机质(Soil Organic Matter,SOM)含量,并于室内模拟条件下测定其反射光谱。通过分析不同粒径土样的原始(Raw)、多次散射校正(Multiple scattering correction, Msc)、一阶微分(First derivative, Fd)、连续统去除(Continuum removal, Cr)光谱与SOM含量之间的关系,筛选出与SOM含量相关性最强的Fd光谱单波段(2250nm, r=0.82, P<0.01),并建立线性回归模型;利用全波段光谱反射率,以偏最小二乘回归(Partial least square regression, PLSR)方法,确立2mm土样Msc处理光谱的PLSR模型为最优模型(RPD=3.56、R²=0.90、RMSEP=1.96g/kg)。土壤颗粒粒径对土壤光谱反射率变化有明显影响,但二者之间并非简单的线性关系,可能存在一个转折点;单变量(单波段光谱反射率)线性回归模型的预测能力,明显低于全波段反射光谱(Msc处理)-PLSR模型;土样样本容量对SOM含量预测精度有显著影响。因此,根据样本容量大小,选择合适的土壤颗粒粒径与光谱预处理方法组合可以提高预测精度。     

黑河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响——元分析（英文）

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change,which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance,and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles.The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China,which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC.However,its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors,such as soil layers,LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g.the fixed depth method,FD,and the equivalent mass method,ESM).In this study,we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB.We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method,the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%,respectively;while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%,respectively.The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD),which may underestimate the results subsequently.We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC.In particular,when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types,SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses,while other LUCCs had minor influences.Finally,we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage.In summary,we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g.soil layer,the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB,which should be considered in future research.     

气动夯管锤铺管施工工艺的研究

从气动夯管锤的铺管原理和破土机理出发,分析了各种地层中进行夯管法铺管的特点,并提出了地层可夯性分级。还介绍了气动夯管锤铺管施工过程、气动夯管锤的选用、气动夯管锤的铺管精度和注浆润滑等问题以及气动夯管锤在其它工程中的应用。     

干旱区土壤植被系统恢复的生态水文学研究进展

干旱区约占地球陆表面积的40%以上,所支撑的复杂多样的生态系统是全球陆地生态系统的重要组成,水是干旱区诸多生态系统过程的驱动力和关键的非生物限制因子。生态水文学作为新兴的交叉学科,为客观、全面地诠释干旱区植被与土壤系统相互作用与反馈机理提供了新的理念和途径,同时,也为干旱区以植被建设为主的生态恢复实践提供了理论基础。以沙坡头沙漠研究试验站在腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠过渡带的长期定位监测研究为例,分析、综述了我国在干旱区生态水文学研究领域所取得的主要成绩和相关进展,重点讨论了沙地植被从组成、结构和功能群演变等多层次上对土壤生态水文过程的响应,以及植被对土壤环境和水循环的长期反馈作用和调控机理;将生物土壤结皮首次作为影响植被-土壤系统水文过程的重要环节来考虑,对其发挥的生态水文功能的相关研究进行了总结;归纳了基于水量平衡的干旱区生态恢复理论模式及其在实践中的应用。     

阿拉尔绿洲灌区棉田土壤水分扩散率的测定

土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一。在室内用非稳定流水平土柱法对塔里木河流域阿拉尔绿洲灌区棉田土壤水分扩散率进行了测定。建立了Boltzmann变换参数、土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水率之间的定量关系。结果表明:土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水率呈单调递增关系。当土壤含水率趋近饱和含水率时,土壤水分扩散率趋近于无穷大。因此,用指数函数或幂函数不能很好地刻画土壤水分扩散系数与土壤的体积含水量之间的定量关系。本文建立的土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水率之间的函数关系较好地反映了土壤水分扩散系数与土壤的体积含水量之间的客观规律。     

紫色土坡耕地细沟发育的形态演变

研究细沟发育的形态演变规律是认识细沟发生机理的前提,本研究通过人工降雨与微地貌扫描相结合的方法,调查了紫色土坡耕地细沟发生过程的形态演变特征.采用三维激光扫描仪扫描不同降雨时段坡面,生成高精度坡面DEM图像,统计各时段不同坡段等高线偏离度,量算坡面凹陷区的表面积、周长、直径以及沟头下切深度;结果表明,等高线偏离度越大细沟发育越完全,有细沟发生坡面等高线偏离度是无细沟坡面的1倍以上;凹陷区的表面积、周长、直径相对于单位降雨量的扩展速率均在细沟贯穿时段出现最大值;跌坑位置与坡面水平起伏关系不明显,统计的3条沟头分别发育于水平方向起伏的最高点、中间点和低点;跌坑下切深度及其单位降雨量的扩展速率在跌坑贯穿形成细沟时段出现最大值,之后逐渐降低,说明跌坑的形成是细沟造床的关键.     

城乡结合部土壤质量变化特点与可持续性利用对策——以开封市为例

运用自然地理学、土地资源学和生态学等多学科的基本理论,以开封市为例,通过可对照的土壤采样分析,选取ｐＨ、全氮、有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子代换量等养分因子,经标准化处理,运用经修改的内梅罗公式,尝试性地评价了城乡结合部土壤的总体质量,并对比分析了典型的、不同的土地利用方式及其变化条件下的土壤质量变化,定量地说明了城乡结合土壤质量的变化,证实了目前的维持、提高土壤质量、高产出的方法只能是高     

三峡库区紫色土微量元素含量的变化

以三峡库区典型坡面紫色土为例,对土壤中微量元素的含量及其在不同坡度、不同利用方式下的变化进行初步研究。结果表明,库区紫色土中Fe、Mn、Ni、Zr、Sr和Ti的含量相对较多,Mo的含量较为丰富,Zn和Pb的含量相对较低。Pb、Cu和Co的含量在一定坡度范围内随坡地坡度的增大而减少,Zr和Cr的含量则增加。紫色土中Cu、Pb、Co、Ti、Zr、Ni、Cr、Sr等微量元素的含量随坡度的变化具有一定的相关性。耕作土和非耕作土中微量元素含量差异明显,人为活动是引起库区紫色土微量元素含量变化的主要因素。     

Effect of environmental factors on the flora of alluvial fans in southern Sinai

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the floristic and structural characteristics of simple alluvial fan vegetation of southern Sinai and to relate them to environmental variation. The main question addressed was: how does the floristic composition of fan habitats, species richness and life-form vary in relation to environmental change? Thirty-seven alluvial fans, randomly selected in two mainwadis(WadiFeiran andWadiDahab) were analysed quantitively. Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) classification and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were applied in successive stages of the data analysis to describe vegetational variation in relation to physical gradients. Seven main clusters of fans were defined on the basis of environmental variation. These clusters are divided into three main groups of species richness. Species richness varied along a moisture gradient. The richest fans were the driest habitats, indicating that maximum species richness did not occur at high moisture availability. The moisture gradient is a complex gradient correlated with elevation, slope, climatic aridity, soil texture and the nature of the soil surface. Fine sand, silt plus clay and calcium carbonate showed significant differences between the internal groups and subgroups of the first and second level of the TWINSPAN classification.     

Impact Compressive Creep Characteristics of Simulative Soil for Deep-Sea Sediment

The impact load (equivalent impact height) applied to deep-sea sediment by a walking mining machine was first deduced by the energy conservation principle, and the simulative soil was prepared based on the deep-sea sediment collected from the Pacific C-C mining area. The self-designed impact compressive creep tests of the simulative soil were conducted under different ground stresses and impact heights, in order to determine impact compressive creep parameters using a K-H rheological model. Test results show that the impact compressive creep curves have three similar creep stages (transient creep, unstable creep, and stable creep) to static compressive creep curves, where the transient creep deformation and total deformation at the unstable creep stage decrease with the impact load. Among the three impact compressive creep parameters (K₁, K₂, β) of the simulative soil, K₁ is first increased with impact height and finally fluctuated to a certain stable value, while K₂ and β are approximately linearly increased with impact height. The maximum subsidence of the mining machine under a specific designed ground stress and walking velocity predicted by the impact compressive creep constitutive equation can be used for safety assessment of the mining machine.