陕西黄土高原人工林土壤干层及形成原因

1 Introduction Abroad, a lot of research on soil water removal, seeping and evaporation has been done (Ole, 1998; Rapp, 2000). A seeping model of soil water was suggested (Yuin, 1998) and it was known that water removal is very slow in the unsaturated zon…     

红壤丘陵区耕层土壤颗粒的分形特征

以土壤颗粒组成数据为基础,运用分形模型分析了红壤丘陵区耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数。结果表明,13个耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数D为2.772~2.897,其中紧砂土2.788,砂壤土2.807,中壤土2.814,轻壤土2.817。分形维数随土壤质地的变细而增大;由北向南,逐渐增加;成土母质对土壤颗粒的分形维数影响较大;D与全氮含量达极显著正相关,与有机质含量、全磷含量达显著正相关,D与有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量的复相关达极显著水平。     

SORPTION AND DESORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CADMIUM BY FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS IN NORTHEAST CHINA

1IN TR O D U C TIO NA s a persistentand toxic pollutant, cadm ium (C d) canresultin m any adverse health effects in a variety oftis-suesand organssuch asthe lung,kidney,urinary,blad-der,pancreas,breast and prostate (SA TA R U G etal.,2003).C adm ium in so…     

地面加热对沙尘暴数值模拟结果的影响研究

利用沙尘数值预报模式并针对2002年3月18—20日典型沙尘暴过程,模拟研究了地面热通量对沙尘暴的影响及其机制。结果发现,沙尘天气数值预报模式较准确地模拟了本次沙尘暴过程。模式对白天地面加热强度和夜间地面冷却强度均有一定程度的高估。地面热通量能够使沙尘暴明显增强,同时也通过导致地面风速、层结稳定度、地面摩擦速度产生明显的日变化,进而导致沙尘暴强度的日变化。地面热通量影响地面风速的方式是导致混合层形成,从而有利于产生高空动量下传。另外,沙尘暴发生时地面热通量主要影响地面和行星边界层中的天气要素,随时间推移地面热通量能够持续影响上升运动强度,且这一影响从边界层逐渐向上扩展到自由大气,并达到500 hPa以上。     

协同多时相波谱特征的不透水面信息级联提取

不透水面作为反应城市表征变化和区域城镇化的重要技术指标,其位置、图斑大小、空间分布等信息在地表水热循环和能量平衡等领域被广泛需求。传统方法大都基于单一时相信息提取不透水面,而忽略多时相所蕴含的丰富信息。因此,本文提出多时相信息融合的不透水面级联提取方法,利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像分析归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）、改进的归一化水体指数（Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI）和归一化建筑指数（Normalized Difference Building Index, NDBI）年内时序变化特点和典型地物间多时相波谱曲线的协同特征,并归纳不透水面多时相变化规律;再根据先验知识所获取的有效地表信息,进行多时相分级提取不透水面信息。此外,基于实地考察数据和同期2 m GF-1遥感影像屏幕数字化生成30 m不透水面图斑,进行精度验证、分析和对比单时相、四季相及多时相3种时序情况下的提取精度。结果表明：单时相提取不透水面总精度最低,四季相提取精度优于单时相,而多时相提取精度最高（精度可达93.66%,Kappa系数为0.81）。本方法在偏远城镇不透水面的有效识别中显露潜在优势,可为不透水面提取方法融合时序波谱特征提供新思路。     

MELTWATER FLUXES AT AN ARCTIC FOREST-TUNDRA SITE

Models of surface energy balance and snow metamorphism are utilized to predict the energy and meltwater fluxes at an Arctic site in the forest–tundra transition zone of north-western Canada. The surface energy balance during the melt period is modelled using an hourly bulk aerodynamic approach. Once a snowcover becomes patchy, advection from the bare patches to the snow-covered areas results in a large spatial variation in basin snowmelt. In order to illustrate the importance of small-scale, horizontal advection, a simple parameterization scheme using sensible heat fluxes from snow free areas was tested. This scheme estimates the maximum horizontal advection of sensible heat from the bare patches to the snow-covered areas. Calculated melt was routed through the measured snowcover in each landscape type using a variable flow path, meltwater percolation model. This allowed the determination of the spatial variability in the timing and magnitude of meltwater release for runoff. Model results indicate that the initial release of meltwater first occurred on the shallow upland tundra sites, but meltwater release did not occur until nearly two weeks later on the deep drift snowcovers. During these early periods of melt, not all meltwater is available for runoff. Instead, there is a period when some snowpacks are only partially contributing to runoff, and the spatial variation of runoff contribution corresponds to landscape type. Comparisons of melt with and without advection suggests that advection is an important process controlling the timing of basin snowmelt.     

THERMAL EFFECTS OF BUILDING′S EXTERNAL SURFACES IN CITY——Characteristics of Heat Flux into and out of External Wall Surfaces

1INTRODUCTIONWiththerecentmodernizationandurbanizationofChi-na,urbanareashavegreatlyincreased, andgiantbuild-ings,especiallythosetallerthan100m,havebeendomi-nantincities,whichhave resultedinthegreatincreaseintheproportionofbuilding'sexternalsurfacetototalurbanarea.Thedifferencesofthermalpropertiesmain-lyinducedbysolarradiationbetweenbuilding'sexter-nalsurfacesareobviousfordifferentexposures,whichcaninevitablyinfluencethedistributionsofairtempera-turenearby,eventheverticaldistributionsofurb…     

季节冻土对土钉支护的影响

川藏交通廊道规划路线沿线滑坡锚固工程在全生命周期内将不可避免受到季节性冻土冻胀融缩的不利影响。为减缓此不利影响,本文提出基于多个挤压摩擦型屈服套的屈服装置、消能蓄能型碟簧系统,形成可双向调节预应力的锚索新结构。并对该锚索进行室内张拉试验、极限承载力试验及工作机理研究,成功研制吨位500 kN级、行程100 mm的双向调节预应力锚索。室内试验证实,单个挤压摩擦型屈服套起始屈服力为120~135 kN,平稳行程可达255 mm;屈服装置由4个挤压摩擦型屈服套及P锚组成,起始屈服力为420~450 kN,行程可达到100 mm以上;碟簧系统可实现耗能(冻胀时可抵消约60%的预应力增长)与蓄能(融缩时可抵消约40%的预应力损失)的目的。屈服行程完结后,双向调节预应力锚索极限承载力为1050kN,与传统锚索极限承载力相当。该新型锚索起始屈服力及行程具有较好的可拓展性,性能参数优于市场同类产品,可用于冻融环境及地震、大变形情形下的滑坡边坡加固,为川藏交通廊道沿线季节性冻土区滑坡、边坡防护提供了一种新的解决方案。     

青藏高原东部表层土壤色度的空间变化特征及其环境意义

认识青藏高原东部现代表土的色度特征及其空间分布,理解其与现代气候因子之间的联系,对于高原地区黄土-古环境重建和揭示第四纪环境变化历史具有重要意义。通过对研究区表层土壤色度的详细分析,对比现代气候资料,探讨了青藏高原东部表层土壤色度的空间变化特征及其环境意义。结果表明：① 高原东部表土色度参数空间变化特征差异显著,表现为随纬度升高,土壤亮度呈先减小后增大的趋势,而红度和黄度则逐步减小;随经度的升高,黄度先增大后减小,而红度值逐步减小;红度和黄度整体随着海拔上升而呈先减小后升高的特征。这些变化特征和差异是表土色度对高原东部复杂地理环境和水热条件变化响应的结果。② 在高原的干旱-半湿润区,土壤亮度对降水的响应敏感;红度和黄度对大尺度的温度变化响应较敏感,而较冷的环境下,红度对温度响应复杂,但与降水存在一定的联系。红度/黄度比值主要指示了气候控制下的赤铁矿和针铁矿的变化和竞争,对干旱-半湿润区域的降水变化响应较为敏感。青藏高原东部现代表土色度与气候密切相关,其空间变化特征一定程度上反映了该地区现代气候因子的空间变化;另一方面由于该区地形和气候复杂多变,部分色度指标与气候关系复杂,在重建青藏高原东部黄土古环境变化历史时需要谨慎。