饱和红层泥岩填料累积变形特性及安定界限研究

最优含水率下红层泥岩作为高速铁路路基填料的适用性已经在西南地区得到了初步验证,但饱和状态下红层泥岩填料的累积变形特性仍不明确。为此,开展了不同围压及动应力下饱和红层泥岩填料的动三轴试验,讨论了围压和动应力对填料累积变形特性的影响。结果表明：不同动应力幅值下,饱和红层泥岩填料的等效模量随振次增加,先迅速减小后趋于稳定。稳定后填料的等效模量具有应力水平相关性,随围压增大而增大,随动应力比增大而呈指数减小。不同动应力幅值下,填料变形可分为塑性稳定型、塑性蠕变型和增量破坏型3种类型。填料应变随振次增加而不再处于稳定阶段的应力状态定为塑性稳定界限应力状态。动应力进一步增加后,填料应变速率发生突增,对应的应力状态为塑性蠕变界限应力状态;塑性稳定与塑性蠕变界限应力状态对应的动应力比均低于静强度,且随围压增加呈指数衰减的规律。基床表层如用红层泥岩作填料,应考虑降雨的影响,并采取排水和改良措施以提高路基稳定性。     

高速铁路采空区地基“活化”分级方法及工程应用

随着我国高速铁路的快速发展,一些关键线路难免会穿越采空区场地,因此对于高速铁路选线等系列问题,采空区地基“活化”分级需要率先解决。以太焦高速铁路 DK259+135.95−DK259+710.00 线路段的下伏采空区为例,运用层次分析法和模糊数学的基本原理建立了高速铁路采空区地基“活化”分级评判模型。首先确定了影响高速铁路采空区地基“活化”分级的5个大因素、19个因子,在此基础上提出了高速铁路采空区地基“活化”分级因素影响度的划分标准,并组合各因素影响度,提出了相对应的高速铁路采空区地基“活化”分级标准;采用层次分析法确定了影响因素及评价因子的权重,并通过德菲尔法、模糊统计和隶属函数相结合得出了评价因子的隶属度;同时初步分析了高速铁路采空区地基“活化”分级的典型特征;最后运用模糊综合评价法对该段采空区地基进行了“活化”分级,并确定了该段采空区地基为“必活化”。该模型的分级结论符合现场的实际工况,并为后期该段采空区地基采用注浆法治理提供了理论依据。该段采空区地基注浆治理后,又对其进行了二次“活化”分级,确定了注浆治理后的高速铁路采空区地基为“不活化”,这为太焦高速铁路安全运营提供了一种科学、合理的新论证。     

考虑循环变温的软土热固结模型

在能源岩土工程发展需求背景下,土体工程特性的温度效应研究受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。针对现有关于循环变温热固结理论研究的不足,提出考虑循环变温条件下土体先期固结压力随温度循环次数变化的关系式,计算多次循环变温后软土的固结压缩量。在此基础上,推导考虑循环变温的太沙基固结修正公式,分析整个循环变温过程中孔压和固结沉降的变化规律。最后通过与单元体测试结果进行对比,验证该计算模型的可靠性。研究结果表明,在循环变温和瞬时荷载的耦合作用下,土体的沉降变形和孔压随温度循环次数的变化而变化,且影响程度与循环次数相关;新型热固结模型为涉及循环变温的岩土工程问题分析提供了一定的理论支撑。     

资源量估算的边界分析与矿化体圈定

资源量估算总是在特定的估算域中进行,其边界条件对估值结果有着显著的影响。传统方法采取用工业指标来圈定矿体并进行资源量估算的硬边界条件,过于强调了矿床的经济性,而对矿床的地质和地质统计学规律重视不够。本文介绍了国际上流行的资源量估算域的相关概念及边界分析方法,并通过实际案例来探讨其在资源量估算中的应用,在此基础上提出了利用三维软件进行矿(化)体圈定的基本原则。实践表明,利用软边界约束或圈定矿化体进行品位估计,可能更符合勘查阶段资源量估算的要求,进而降低估算域边界的不确定性带来的估值风险。     

气压平衡顶管法及其在油气管道穿越软土地段的应用

随着社会的日益进步和经济的快速发展,顶管穿越技术在油气管道穿越工程中的应用越来越广泛。然而,在实际应用过程中应根据不同地层情况,采用不同的顶管穿越方式。介绍了气压平衡顶管法的原理、特点及分类情况。并结合中山—广州天然气管道工程实例,总结了气压平衡法在油气管道穿越软土地段中的施工技术。     

Propagation of vibrations in thawing deep seasonally frozen soils in railway subgrade

In this study, in-situ testing results are given, and the analytical relationship of the vibrations' amplitudes inside an embankment by the thawing of the subgrade surface of seasonably deep frozen soils is provided. The peculiarities of the vibration waves' propagation during the springtime thawing of soils compared to those during the summertime period and the correlation of the vibrations with the under-rail basement modulus of elasticity are defined.     

Structural analysis and design of frost resistance function for subgrade of high-speed railway ballasted track in cold regions

According to the technical characteristics of short fixed wheelbase of a high-speed carriage, a subgrade-track integrated space mechanical response analysis model is proposed for trains under the action of biaxial load after the comparison of the stress distribution characteristics of the ballast track subgrade bed structures for high-speed railway under the action of uniaxial load and biaxial load. The loading threshold value (high-cycle long-term dynamic strength) under the circumstance where the cumulative deformation of subgrade structure gradually develops and finally reaches the convergent state, and its relationship with the foundation coefficient K₃₀ were deduced, based on the characteristics of cumulative deformation evolution obtained from the unit structure filling model test under the action of cyclic loading. In view of structure stability and frost resistance requirements of the railway subgrade in cold regions, technical conditions to maintain good service performance of subgrade structure of high-speed railway ballasted track are discussed and analyzed. Study results show that the additive effect manifests itself obviously for railway train bogies under the action of biaxial load than uniaxial load, which has a significant dynamic effect on the subgrade bed bottom and a slight effect on the surface layer. Thus, the adoption of a biaxial load model in the design of a high-speed railway subgrade accurately reflects the vehicle load. Pursuant to the structure design principle, the design method of the subgrade structure of high-speed railway ballasted track is proposed to meet the technical requirements such as structural strength, bearing stiffness and high-cyclic and long-term stability. Technical indicators are obtained for the variation of thickness of the surface layer of reinforced subgrade bed in the double-layer subgrade mode along with the change of K₃₀ at the subgrade bed bottom. The double-layer structure mode of "closure on the upper layer and drainage on the lower layer" was proposed in order to meet the waterproofing and drainage requirements of the upper layer of the subgrade bed in cold regions. A dense-framework graded gravel filler with weak water permeability at a coefficient of 10^-4 cm/s is used on the upper layer and the void-framework graded gravel filler at the water permeability coefficient of 10^-2 cm/s is adopted on the lower layer.     

Computational model for the simulation of the shield tunneling process in cohesive soils

A two-dimensional computational model is developed here in order to simulate the continuous advance of the Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) Shield during the tunneling process in cohesive soils. The model is based on the combination of the plane strain “transverse–longitudinal” sections that can incorporate the three-dimensional deformation of the soil around and ahead of the shield face. This model is capable of prediciting the soil response due to the shield tunneling before the event, especially in soft ground conditions. An elasto-plastic finite element analysis that is based on the coupled theory of mixtures for inelastic porous media for finite deformation is used in this work to describe the time-dependent deformation of the saturated cohesive soils. The results of this model are compared with the in situ field measurements of the N-2 tunnel project excavated in 1981 in San Francisco using the EPB shield tunneling machine. Reasonable agreement is found between the observed field measurements and the predicted deformations of the soil using the proposed numerical simulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

位移-应力协同分析在新近纪软岩质滑坡监测中的应用——以陕西宝鸡市北坡滑坡为例

强降雨可诱发新近纪软岩质滑坡滑移变形。1955年至今,降雨在陕西宝鸡诱发超过十起大型滑坡灾害。2011年9月19日,宝鸡市区72 h内的降雨量达到332 mm,北坡金鼎寺、簸箕山与高家崖滑坡出现裂缝,威胁市区居民安全。为分析滑坡的变形机制与降雨触发的滑体内地下水位的波动关系,2012—2015年,开展了降雨量、地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡应力与位移等物理量的实时监测,统计分析了它们的频率、活动强度及累积变化规律,提出了滑坡的位移扩展模型。研究显示:(1)地下水的活动会影响新近纪软岩质滑坡的变形,但降雨量、地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡体应力与位移等物理量变化机制有差异,地下水位、孔隙水压力呈周期性变化,滑坡体的应力、位移的变化具有累积效应;(2)宝鸡市北坡滑坡运动变形具有蠕变、快速滑移两个阶段。降雨会触发的滑坡体各物理量出现加速变化,地下水位波动幅度为0.27~1m,孔隙水压力的变化幅度为10kPa,滑体浅层的水平应力变化幅度为5.6kPa;(3)在判断降雨能否诱发滑坡快速滑移过程中,既需分析滑体应力、位移变化的累积效应,又需分析新近纪软岩质滑带的摩擦破坏机制。     

软土地区紧邻既有建筑物地库深大基坑支护设计与分析

上海地区③层淤泥质粉质黏土和④层淤泥质黏土具有含水率高、流塑状态、高压缩性和强度低的特点,属于典型的软土分布区。结合工程实例,介绍了软土地区临近既有建筑物地库的深大基坑工程的设计要点,并通过理论计算、数值模拟和实施过程的监测进行对比分析。结果表明:对于软土地区深大基坑,通过围护结构形式、支撑体系的合理选型,正确制定地下水处理方式和施工工况,并加强基坑实施的过程控制,可以保证基坑本身及周边环境的安全。可为软土地区同类基坑工程的设计和施工提供参考。