Laboratory investigation on the compressibility of Singapore marine clays

The compressibility characteristics of Singapore marine clay in reconstituted and undisturbed states were studied using oedometer, constant rate of strain, Rowe cell, and isotropic consolidation tests. The intrinsic compression curve of the reconstituted clay was found to be similar to that proposed earlier with some minor deviations at low vertical stresses of less than 100?kPa. The field and laboratory compression behaviors were found to be similar, hence the laboratory curve could be used as a reference for interpreting the field behavior. Factors affecting the measurements of compression index and yield stress were discussed. As the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at the top upper clay was close to 1, the compression curves of vertically and horizontally trimmed samples were almost similar. The yield stress was mainly controlled by the strain rate; i.e., the higher strain rate resulted in the higher yield stress. Constrained modulus as derived from cone penetration tests and flat dilatometer tests were also examined and compared with laboratory test results. The in situ tests showed the decrease in constrained modulus with depth and generally the dilatometer test was found to register a higher modulus value.     

Influence and countermeasure of specimen misalignment to small-strain behavior of soft marine clay

Triaxial test with local displacement transducers is an effective technique to obtain the small-strain stiffness of soils. Many previous studies provided feasible solutions for reducing or avoiding potential sources of error in conventional triaxial tests. However, little literature gave out detailed explanations on how to identify those potential errors from the measured testing data and corresponding solutions. Therefore, nowadays, it is still not easy for a new user to gain proficiency in such kind of advanced tests. In this article, by conducting triaxial tests featured with Hall effect transducer on Shanghai soft marine clay, it is found that the influence of the specimen misalignment to the measured small-strain stiffness cannot be neglected. The typical symptom of specimen misalignment, namely the tilting of specimen, was described carefully. An improved connection between top cap and load cell was applied to overcome the problem. The new connection can reduce the disturbance to specimen in terms of both force and displacement. It can be applied to both isotropic and anisotropic consolidated triaxial tests.     

重载货车作用下基床表层应力状态及破坏影响因素分析

重载货车作用下线路破坏问题与基床表层应力状态密切相关。通过建立货车-线路动力分析模型,分析货车通过时基床表层应力状态变化规律,研究道床厚度、轴重、速度、基床表层模量等因素对基床表层破坏的影响规律。结果表明:基床表层在车辆作用下遵循从纯剪到三轴剪切再回到纯剪状态的变化规律,主应力轴连续旋转180°;道床厚度低于0.5m、速度超过70km/h、基床表层模量低于160 MPa、轴重超过27t都有可能造成基床表层塑性变形;当应力路径超过破坏线情况下,路基弹性假设将不再适用。     

缓倾软硬岩互层边坡变形破坏机制模型试验研究

以宜巴高速公路沿途彭家湾软硬岩互层边坡为工程依托,依据地质分析及相似理论建立缓倾软硬岩互层边坡室内模型,采用开挖试验及和注水软化试验来模拟实际中的工程开挖（或河谷下切）和雨水浸润软化过程,研究缓倾软硬岩互层边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明：在开挖及雨水软化两种工况下,该类软硬岩互层边坡的变形模式都是前期的滑移拉裂变形和后期的整体蠕滑变形,破坏模式是以深部软层为滑动面的整体滑移;硬岩层与软岩层的变形情况略有不同,硬岩层以整体蠕滑变形为主,而软岩层以滑移拉裂变形为主;深部软岩层的状态变化对边坡的整体稳定性影响非常关键;工程开挖（河谷下切）及雨水入渗都会对该类缓倾软硬岩互层边坡的稳定性有重要影响,开挖导致的临空面及微裂隙是滑坡发生的基础,水是滑坡发生的条件和诱因。     

软弱夹层的极限荷载分析

岩土体中的软弱夹层是一种广泛存在的地质体,由于其力学性质较差,容易给工程建设带来安全隐患,对其稳定性的研究逐步引起重视。根据塑性极限平衡分析方法,针对软弱夹层的承载稳定问题,将软弱夹层上下土层当作准刚性层,基于修正Prandtl挤压理论解答对软弱夹层的极限荷载进行了计算。分析过程中认为,准刚性层间的软弱夹层在极限状态下发生塑性挤出破坏,考虑到Prandtl挤压理论的剪应力解答在x方向上的不足,结合不同的边界应力条件,对软弱夹层中的应力分量和夹层表面的极限荷载进行了重新求解。推导的极限荷载实用计算式能综合考虑软弱夹层面的摩擦条件、土层自重及夹层周围的受力状态等因素,并与其他理论计算式的结果进行了对比分析。计算结果分析表明,不考虑土重时,该方法计算的夹层极限荷载随厚度变化规律与Prandtl方法基本一致;考虑土重影响时,该方法计算结果与规范法相似,但在夹层较厚时能更明确地反映宽度对极限荷载的影响。此外,夹层上下边界的摩擦条件对极限荷载的影响程度随夹层宽厚比的不同而变化,对于一定厚度的夹层存在几乎不受摩擦条件影响的临界宽度。其研究结果可为软弱夹层的承载稳定分析提供参考。     

深部破碎软岩巷道围岩稳定性分析及控制

针对深部破碎软岩巷道围岩稳定性控制难题,以邢东矿-980车场巷道为研究对象,采用现场调研、数值模拟、井下试验及现场观测等方法分析围岩变形破坏特征,揭示其破坏机制,针对性地提出了以高强锚杆密集支护、新型喷层结构护表、滞后注浆加固为主体的多层次锚喷网注联合支护系统,详细阐明了具体支护措施的围岩控制机制,并用数值方法分析了锚杆间距、喷层厚度对于围岩应力场和位移场的影响规律。研究表明：（1）随着锚杆间距减小（0.7 m→0.3 m）,锚杆承压拱和喷层结构的承载能力呈幂函数增长趋势,锚固区围岩压应力呈线性增长趋势,围岩变形量明显降低;（2）随着喷层厚度增大,喷层结构承载能力近似线性增长,锚固区围岩压应力亦呈增长趋势,各部位围岩位移量显著降低;（3）当喷层厚度达到200 mm时,非锚固区内围岩大部分处于压应力状态,拉应力区大幅减少。基于上述研究,结合现场地质、生产条件确定试验巷道围岩支护方案,并进行现场应用。工程实践表明,多层次锚喷网注联合支护技术可有效控制深井破碎软岩巷道围岩大变形,实现深井巷道围岩的稳定性控制。     

循环荷载下考虑主应力旋转的软土力学响应研究

目前用于轨道路堤分析计算的参数多是通过三轴试验获得,而列车荷载经过时土单元应力路径与循环三轴试验加载路径的显著差异可能导致预测失真而引发工程问题。针对某城市轨道进行了三维计算,并分析了移动列车荷载下土单元应力幅值、循环周数、主应力轴旋转的分布规律。在该基础上,采用空心圆柱循环扭剪试验对该复杂应力路径进行了模拟,研究了饱和软黏土的孔压及变形累积特性。结果表明,列车荷载经过时地基土单元大主应力将在(－90°, 90°)内发生旋转;该主应力轴旋转将显著促进软黏土孔压和应变的累积,竖向应力幅值为15 kPa时,循环扭剪试验产生的孔压值比循环三轴试验高77%,累积应变增大了近50%;随着循环应力水平提高,二者累积孔压及累积应变的差值还会进一步增大,甚至出现循环三轴下仅产生较小应变而循环扭剪下已破坏的本质性差异。     

一种填方路堤反压护道断面设计的解析方法研究

针对软弱地基上的高速公路填方路堤稳定性问题,利用整体圆弧法稳定性分析原理,推导了同时考虑滑动面上黏聚力 和内摩擦角 联合作用的平衡方程;并将滑面上内摩擦角 在滑面切向方向上的作用等效为黏聚力作用,提出在此条件下的等效黏聚力概念;进而利用平衡方程和等效黏聚力讨论了合理反压护道宽度和高度的确定方法。以某高速公路反压护道工程为背景,进行了护道断面尺寸的设计计算和分析,并将安全系数和滑体特征与规范推荐方法进行了对比分析。结果表明：相对只考虑黏聚力的计算结果,综合考虑黏聚力 和内摩擦角 联合作用的分析方法更接近大部分软弱地基内摩擦角非零的工程实际条件,且在获得相同安全系数时具有更优的断面尺寸（节约用地和土方量）;该方法与规范推荐方法计算的安全系数有紧密的联系,其值取1.05时与规范容许值较为吻合;该方法能避免设计中依靠经验反复试算确定护道尺寸的盲目性,可减少设计工作量。     

Bacterial populations,heterotrophic potentials,and water quality in three New Zealand Rivers

Abstract

Thirty sites were sampled in three New Zealand rivers (Waikato, Maitai, and Wakapuaka) during late summer 1977. Samples were collected from just below the surface at mid river or in the tailraces below hydro‐electric dams.

Parameters measured included bacterial numbers (direct counts), heterotrophic potential (V_max ), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), chlorophyll a (Chi a), and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.

Bacterial populations per millilitre fluctuated threefold (6.4–19.4 × 10⁵) along the Waikato River and were lower and more consistent in the two South Island rivers (1.46–2.55 × 10⁵). In contrast, V_max varied 5000‐fold in the Waikato River, from a characteristically oligotrophic value of 0.0035 μg. l^?1·h^?1 (Lake Taupo outlet) to a eutrophic value of 18.4 μg. l^?1·h^?1 at the Mihi bridge. V_max for the two South Island rivers ranged from 0.0091 to 0.189 μg. l^?1 · h^?1.

ATP, Chi a, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations for the 20 sites on the Waikato River varied in a similar way to the V_max and bacterial data. There were large peaks at the Mihi bridge, lower values for the dam tailraces and significant increases for the sites below Hamilton. Concentrations for these parameters were lower and more consistent along the lengths of the two South Island rivers.

Most parameters were significantly correlated with each other for the Waikato River samples. The strongest correlations were between V_max and bacterial numbers and between V_max and nitrate nitrogen. In the Maitai and Wakapuaka River series these correlations were also significant, but the only other significant correlations recorded there were between ATP and nitrate nitrogen, and between ATP and bacterial numbers.